| Logic {base} | R Documentation |
These operators act on logical vectors.
! x x & y x && y x | y x || y xor(x, y)
x, y |
logical vectors, or objects which can be coerced to such or for which methods have been written. |
! indicates logical negation (NOT).
& and && indicate logical AND and | and ||
indicate logical OR. The shorter form performs elementwise
comparisons in much the same way as arithmetic operators. The longer
form evaluates left to right examining only the first element of each
vector. Evaluation proceeds only until the result is determined. The
longer form is appropriate for programming control-flow and typically
preferred in if clauses.
xor indicates elementwise exclusive OR.
Numeric and complex vectors will be coerced to logical values, with zero being false and all non-zero values being true.
The operators !, & and | are generic functions:
methods can be written for them individually or via the
Ops) group generic function.
NA is a valid logical object. Where a component of
x or y is NA, the result will be NA if the
outcome is ambiguous. In other words NA & TRUE evaluates to
NA, but NA & FALSE evaluates to FALSE. See the
examples below.
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
Syntax for operator precedence.
y <- 1 + (x <- rpois(50, lambda=1.5) / 4 - 1) x[(x > 0) & (x < 1)] # all x values between 0 and 1 if (any(x == 0) || any(y == 0)) "zero encountered" ## construct truth tables : x <- c(NA, FALSE, TRUE) names(x) <- as.character(x) outer(x, x, "&")## AND table outer(x, x, "|")## OR table