integrate {stats}R Documentation

Integration of One-Dimensional Functions

Description

Adaptive quadrature of functions of one variable over a finite or infinite interval.

Usage

integrate(f, lower, upper, subdivisions=100,
          rel.tol = .Machine$double.eps^0.25, abs.tol = rel.tol,
          stop.on.error = TRUE, keep.xy = FALSE, aux = NULL, ...)

Arguments

f an R function taking a numeric first argument and returning a numeric vector of the same length. Returning a non-finite element will generate an error.
lower, upper the limits of integration. Can be infinite.
subdivisions the maximum number of subintervals.
rel.tol relative accuracy requested.
abs.tol absolute accuracy requested.
stop.on.error logical. If true (the default) an error stops the function. If false some errors will give a result with a warning in the message component.
keep.xy unused. For compatibility with S.
aux unused. For compatibility with S.
... additional arguments to be passed to f. Remember to use argument names not matching those of integrate(.)!

Details

If one or both limits are infinite, the infinite range is mapped onto a finite interval.

For a finite interval, globally adaptive interval subdivision is used in connection with extrapolation by the Epsilon algorithm.

rel.tol cannot be less than max(50*.Machine$double.eps, 0.5e-28) if abs.tol <= 0.

Value

A list of class "integrate" with components

value the final estimate of the integral.
abs.error estimate of the modulus of the absolute error.
subdivisions the number of subintervals produced in the subdivision process.
message "OK" or a character string giving the error message.
call the matched call.

Note

Like all numerical integration routines, these evaluate the function on a finite set of points. If the function is approximately constant (in particular, zero) over nearly all its range it is possible that the result and error estimate may be seriously wrong.

When integrating over infinite intervals do so explicitly, rather than just using a large number as the endpoint. This increases the chance of a correct answer – any function whose integral over an infinite interval is finite must be near zero for most of that interval.

References

Based on QUADPACK routines dqags and dqagi by R. Piessens and E. deDoncker-Kapenga, available from Netlib.

See
R. Piessens, E. deDoncker-Kapenga, C. Uberhuber, D. Kahaner (1983) Quadpack: a Subroutine Package for Automatic Integration; Springer Verlag.

See Also

The function adapt in the adapt package on CRAN, for multivariate integration.

Examples

integrate(dnorm, -1.96, 1.96)
integrate(dnorm, -Inf, Inf)

## a slowly-convergent integral
integrand <- function(x) {1/((x+1)*sqrt(x))}
integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = Inf)

## don't do this if you really want the integral from 0 to Inf
integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = 10)
integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = 100000)
integrate(integrand, lower = 0, upper = 1000000, stop.on.error = FALSE)

try(integrate(function(x) 2, 0, 1))  ## no vectorizable function
integrate(function(x) rep(2, length(x)), 0, 1)  ## correct

## integrate can fail if misused
integrate(dnorm,0,2)
integrate(dnorm,0,20)
integrate(dnorm,0,200)
integrate(dnorm,0,2000)
integrate(dnorm,0,20000) ## fails on many systems
integrate(dnorm,0,Inf)   ## works

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