Use case - Animations In QML

Qt Quick provides the ability to animate properties. Animating properties allows property values to move through intermediate values instead of immediately changing to the target value. To animate the position of an item, you can animate the properties that control the item's position, x and y for example, so that the item's position changes each frame on the way to the target position.

Fluid UIs

QML was designed to facilitate the creation of fluid UIs. These are user interfaces where the UI components animate instead of appearing, disappearing, or jumping abruptly. Qt Quick provides two simple ways to have UI components move with animation instead of instantly appearing at their new location.

States and Transitions

Qt Quick allows you to declare various UI states in State objects. These states are comprised of property changes from a base state, and can be a useful way of organizing your UI logic. Transitions are objects you can associate with an item to define how its properties will animate when they change due to a state change.

States and transitions for an item can be declared with the Item::states and Item::transitions properties. States are declared inside the states list property of an item, usually the root item of the component. Transitions defined on the same item are used to animate the changes in the state. Here is an example.

  Item {
      id: container
      width: 320
      height: 120

      Rectangle {
          id: rect
          color: "red"
          width: 120
          height: 120

          MouseArea {
              anchors.fill: parent
              onClicked: container.state == 'other' ? container.state = '' : container.state = 'other'
          }
      }
      states: [
          // This adds a second state to the container where the rectangle is farther to the right

          State { name: "other"

              PropertyChanges {
                  target: rect
                  x: 200
              }
          }
      ]
      transitions: [
          // This adds a transition that defaults to applying to all state changes

          Transition {

              // This applies a default NumberAnimation to any changes a state change makes to x or y properties
              NumberAnimation { properties: "x,y" }
          }
      ]
  }

Animating Property Changes.

Behaviors can be used to specify an animation for a property to use when it changes. This is then applied to all changes, regardless of their source. The following example animates a button moving around the screen using behaviors.

  Item {
      width: 320
      height: 120

      Rectangle {
          color: "green"
          width: 120
          height: 120

          // This is the behavior, and it applies a NumberAnimation to any attempt to set the x property
          Behavior on x {

              NumberAnimation {
                  //This specifies how long the animation takes
                  duration: 600
                  //This selects an easing curve to interpolate with, the default is Easing.Linear
                  easing.type: Easing.OutBounce
              }
          }

          MouseArea {
              anchors.fill: parent
              onClicked: parent.x == 0 ? parent.x = 200 : parent.x = 0
          }
      }
  }

Other Animations

Not all animations have to be tied to a specific property or state. You can also create animations more generally, and specify target items and properties inside the animation. Here are some examples of different ways to do this:

  Item {
      width: 320
      height: 120

      Rectangle {
          color: "blue"
          width: 120
          height: 120

          // By setting this SequentialAnimation on x, it and animations within it will automatically animate
          // the x property of this element
          SequentialAnimation on x {
              id: xAnim
              // Animations on properties start running by default
              running: false
              loops: Animation.Infinite // The animation is set to loop indefinitely
              NumberAnimation { from: 0; to: 200; duration: 500; easing.type: Easing.InOutQuad }
              NumberAnimation { from: 200; to: 0; duration: 500; easing.type: Easing.InOutQuad }
              PauseAnimation { duration: 250 } // This puts a bit of time between the loop
          }

          MouseArea {
              anchors.fill: parent
              // The animation starts running when you click within the rectangle
              onClicked: xAnim.running = true
          }
      }
  }
  Item {
      width: 320
      height: 120

      Rectangle {
          id: rectangle
          color: "yellow"
          width: 120
          height: 120

          MouseArea {
              anchors.fill: parent
              // The animation starts running when you click within the rectange
              onClicked: anim.running = true;
          }
      }

      // This animation specifically targets the Rectangle's properties to animate
      SequentialAnimation {
          id: anim
          // Animations on their own are not running by default
          // The default number of loops is one, restart the animation to see it again

          NumberAnimation { target: rectangle; property: "x"; from: 0; to: 200; duration: 500 }

          NumberAnimation { target: rectangle; property: "x"; from: 200; to: 0; duration: 500 }
      }
  }

More information about animations can be found on the Important Concepts in Qt Quick - States, Transitions and Animations page.