@device(PostScript) @make(report) @DefineFont(HeadingFont, P=, B=, I=, R=) @define(bozo=text, leftmargin +3 inches, spacing 1) @Counter(MajorPart,TitleEnv HD0,ContentsEnv tc0,Numbered [@I], IncrementedBy Use,Announced) @Counter(Chapter,TitleEnv HD1,ContentsEnv tc1,Numbered [@1. ], IncrementedBy Use,Referenced [@1],Announced) @Counter(Appendix,TitleEnv HD1,ContentsEnv tc1,Numbered [@I. ], IncrementedBy,Referenced [@I],Announced,Alias Chapter) @Counter(UnNumbered,TitleEnv HD1,ContentsEnv tc1,Announced,Alias Chapter) @Counter(Section,Within Chapter,TitleEnv HD2,ContentsEnv tc2, Numbered [@#@:.@1 ],Referenced [@#@:.@1],IncrementedBy Use,Announced) @Counter(AppendixSection,Within Appendix,TitleEnv HD2, ContentsEnv tc2, Numbered [@#@:.@1 ],Referenced [@#@:.@1],IncrementedBy Use,Announced) @Counter(SubSection,Within Section,TitleEnv HD3,ContentsEnv tc3, Numbered [@#@:.@1 ],IncrementedBy Use, Referenced [@#@:.@1]) @Counter(Paragraph,Within SubSection,TitleEnv HD4,ContentsEnv tc4, Numbered [@#@:.@1 ],Referenced [@#@:.@1], IncrementedBy Use) @modify(CopyrightNotice, Fixed -1 inch, Flushright) @Modify(Titlebox, Fixed 3.0 inches) @Modify(hd1, below .4 inch, facecode B, size 20, spaces kept,pagebreak before) @Modify(hd2, below .2 inch, facecode B, size 16, spaces kept) @Modify(hd3, below .2 inch, facecode B, size 12, spaces kept) @Modify(hd4, below .2 inch) @Modify(Description, Leftmargin +20, Indent -20,below 1 line, above 1 line) @Modify(Tc1, Above .5, Facecode B) @Modify(Tc2, Above .25, Below .25, Facecode R) @Modify(Tc3,Facecode R) @Modify(Tc4,Facecode R) @Modify(Itemize,Above 1line,Below 1line) @Modify(Insert,LeftMargin +2, RightMargin +2) @Style(Font NewCenturySchoolBook, size 11) @Style(Spacing 1.1, indent 0) @Style(leftmargin 1.0inch) @Style(justification no) @Style(BottomMargin 1.5inch) @Style(ChangeBarLocation Right) @Style(ChangeBars=off) @pageheading(immediate) @pagefooting(left="MIT Project Athena", center="@value(page)",right="Version A, April, 1987") @begin(Titlepage) @Begin(Titlebox) @begin(MajorHeading, size 36, Flushright) Athena RT Workstation @end(Majorheading) @blankspace(3 lines) @begin(format, size 14, flushright) Henry Mensch MIT Project Athena Version A @value(date) @end(format) @end(titlebox) @CopyrightNotice(Massachusetts Institute of Technology) @Set(page=-1) @end(titlepage) @chapter[Hardware] @subsection[The Keyboard] The RT keyboard resembles other IBM keyboards. Some keys are in unfamiliar places. @blankspace[3.8 inches] @begin[itemize] The cursor movement (arrow) keys are between the typewriter keyboard and the small numeric keypad. The ALT keys, located on each side of the spacebar, are used as Meta keys for GNU Emacs and for the X window system. The ESCape key, located on the upper left of the keyboard, may also be used as the GNU Emacs Meta key. If you are using the C-shell, ESC can also be used for filename expansion. Some keys on the RT keyboard have no function. These keys include those just above the cursor arrow keys, and the ACTION key to the left of the spacebar. @end[itemize] @newpage @subsection[The Mouse] @begin(bozo) The RT workstation mouse has only two buttons. Pressing both buttons simultaneously on the RT mouse is equivalent to pressing the middle mouse button on a VSII mouse. Note that, when using an X window manager, you can't cancel a middle-button action by pressing another button because there is no other button to press. @end(bozo) @subsection[The Display] @begin(bozo) The APA-16 display on the RT workstation has a fifteen-inch monochrome screen. The display can show both text and graphics, and can display 1024x768 pixels of graphic information. The APA-16 can't hold as much information as the VAXstation display, which displays 1024x864 pixels. @end(bozo) @subsection[The System Console Lock] @begin(bozo) The front panel has a lock which should be unlocked for all Athena RT workstations. When the lock is engaged, neither the keyboard nor the mouse can be used. The system console lock doesn't affect remote logins with @i[rlogin] or @i[telnet]. If the small notch on the center of the lock points upward and to the right the workstation is not locked. You should report any locked workstations to the Hardware Hotline by calling 3-1410. @end(bozo) @subsection[Numeric Display] @begin(bozo) Each RT workstation has a red LED display on its front panel. This display is controlled by the program currently running on the workstation. When Unix is loaded, this display shows the load average x10. This display is used for diagnostic purposes when the workstation is in single-user mode and during reboot. @end(bozo) @subsection[Removable Storage Media] The RT workstation has one floppy drive. Only high-density (not double-density) double-sided diskettes should be used in the RT floppy drive. Each high-density diskette can hold up to 1.2 megabytes of data. These floppies are the same type used for the Athena AT workstations. They can be purchased at the MIT Microcomputer Store. The Microcomputer Store, in room 11-209, is open from 10AM to 4PM Monday through Friday. Their phone number is 3-6325. Floppies must be formatted before data can be stored on them. Type @begin[example] @i[/etc/fdformat -h /dev/rfloppy0] {NOTE: right now it has to be /dev/rfd0} @end[example] to format each floppy. @i[fdformat] will erase any data stored on the floppy, so be sure to use this command on new floppies only. Note that the floppy drive can read and write the smaller 360 kilobyte floppies used in IBM PCs and PC/XTs, but workstation commands like @i[in] and @i[out] expect to use the larger diskette. {We've found out that mdtar (which in/out use) is going to write 360K floppies no matter how big the floppy actually is. Its hard-coded into the program. So, most of the 1.2 meg is wasted.} @subsection[Using DOS Floppies] DOS floppies created on an IBM PC or PC AT can be used on the RT workstation. The Unix commands @i[doswrite] and @i[dosread] copy files between DOS floppies and the RT workstation. Type @i[man dosread] for more information on these commands. Format the floppy on your PC before using it on the RT workstation. You may not be able to use the files saved on the floppy if you format the floppy on the RT workstation. Floppies may be formatted for either 360kb or 1.2mb, depending on which size floppy your personal computer requires. {We're having trouble figuring out how to get fdformat to produce DOS format floppies. By default, it produces DEC format floppes suitable for mdtar.} @subsection[Memory] The RT @p[desktop model] workstation has two megabytes of internal memory. The @p[floor model] RT workstation has four megabytes of internal memory. Unix manages this memory, and shares it with programs that you run. @subsection[Hard Disk] The hard disk on the RT @p[desktop workstation] can store up to forty megabytes of information. RT @p[floor-model] workstations can store up to 210 megabytes of information on three seventy-megabyte hard disks. Some space is used by the Unix file system, system data files and by programs like Emacs and Scribe. You may use the rest of the disk for your programs and data. Use the @i[df] command to find out how much disk space you can use. Type the @i[df] command and look in the right-hand column for the line marked @p[/site]. Follow this line across to the number under the @p[avail] column. This is the number of kilobytes of disk space available to you during this session. In this example approximately 25 megabytes of disk space are available to you. {Bad example, actual figure is about 15 meg in /site.} @begin[example] 16-034-5 % @i[df] Filesystem kbytes used avail capacity Mounted on /dev/hd0a 7413 7326 0 110% / /dev/hd0g 41627 12376 25088 33% /site /dev/vd0a 141527 31736 95638 25% /urvd /dev/vd1a 10449 7243 2161 77% /srvd @end[example] @p[Remember that your files will be deleted when you logout.] @section[Available Software] Not all of the software which is available on the timesharing systems is available on the RT workstation yet. You can use GNU Emacs and Scribe (although you can't create Scribe documents for the IS Xerox 9700 printer), and you can write Fortran and C programs using the standard Unix libraries. The chart below summarizes the software available on the RT workstation as of February 1987. @begin(format, facecode B, size 11) @tabclear @tabdivide(4) @u[Software@\Timesharing@\VAXstation@\RT] @end(format) @begin(format, size 10) @tabclear @tabdivide(4) Unix@\4.3 BSD@\4.3 BSD@\4.2a ACIS @+[*] X Window System@\Version 10 Rel 4@\Version 10 Rel 4@\Version 10 Rel 4 C@\Portable C@\Portable C@\Portable C @\-@\-@\High C@+[**] Lisp@\Franz Lisp Opus 42.16.3@\Franz Lisp Opus 42.16.3@\- Fortan@\Berkeley f77@\Berkeley f77@\Berkeley f77 Pascal@\Berkeley Pascal@\Berkeley Pascal@\- Scheme@\available@\available@\- NAG (math library)@\Version 11@\Version 11@\- GKS@\Version 2b@\Version 2b@\- Penplot@\available@\available@\available Ingres@+[***] (database)@\available@\-@\- Blox@\development only@\development only@\- Minitab@+[****]@\available@\-@\- MATRIXX@+[****]@\available@\-@\- MACSYMA@+[****]@\Version 309.2@\Version 309.2@\- UNIX Library Functions: C library@\available@\available@\available Fortran library@\available@\available@\available Math library@\available@\available@\available@+[*****] Internet library@\available@\available@\available Standard I/O library@\available@\available@\available Curses library@\available@\available@\available Termcap library@\available@\available@\available @i[dbm] library@\available@\available@\available @i[assert] library@\available@\available@\- @i[getfsent] library@\available@\available@\available @i[getdiskbyname] library@\available@\available@\available @i[initgroups] library@\available@\available@\available @i[rexec] library@\available@\available@\available @i[rcmd] library@\available@\available@\available @end (format) @tabclear @begin(format, facecode b) @tabset (3.75 inches) @&_@\ @end(format) @tabclear @begin(FlushLeft, size 9) @+[* ]4.2a BSD with Athena Enhancements @+[** ]Optimized for IBM/RT, code must conform to ANSI standards. @+[*** ]Must see Accounts Administrator to become an Ingres User. @+[**** ]Only available on certain machines for courses. See your applications programmer. @+[*****]Math functions on the RT workstation use the @i[IEEE 754 Standard for Binary Floating Point Arithmetic] @end(FlushLeft) @section(Keeping Files on Floppies) 1-page that describes fdformat in/out @section(Keeping Files on Timesharing) @subsection(ftp: Reliable) 1-page with Jim's diagram @subsection(rcp: Quick but Tricky) 1-page @section[Documentation] For the most part, you use the same documentation for the RTs as for the rest of the system, with the following exceptions. Copies of @i[Academic Information Systems 4.2 for the IBM RT PC] are available in the RT workstation cluster documentation racks. Volume 1 has RT-specific man pages, some of which have been superceded by Berkeley 4.3 man pages. This should mostly interest programmers who need sections 2, 3, and 4 for RT-specific programming information. Volume 2 has articles relevant to the RT. The @i(High C Reference Manual) documents this additional C compiler available on the RT. The Athena document @i(Programming the Athena RT Workstation) tells you what to look out for when programming on an RT. All documents are also available through the IS Publications Office in 11-209. @chapter(Compatibility with VAX Workstations) Some of you are using the VAX workstations in 11-116, 4-037, and 37-3xx for coursework. How are these RT things alike and different? @itemize[ The RT's run a newer version of the @i(xterm) window program, with many additional features. You can recognize the new xterm by the title bar that appears across the top of the window. Type @i(man xterm) to read about it. You cannot @i(up) and @i(down) course software that runs on a VAX on an RT. It just won't work. The RT has a two-button mouse; the VAX a 3-button mouse. Press both RT buttons together to get the same effect as pressing the middle VAX button. @blankspace(.5 inch) You can't run a VAX binary file (such as @i(a.out)) produced by @i(cc) or @i(f77) on an RT and vice versa. If you can get the source code between machines using a timesharing system as intermediary, you ought to be able to recompile the programs on the RT. You can't read a floppy written on VAX in the RT's drive, nor vice versa. {Actually, maybe you can, given the way fdformat is doing things.} ] @section[Problems: Rebooting and Shutting Down Your RT Workstation] Rebooting your workstation will clear up many problems. Sometimes it is the only way to fix problems and conditions left behind by the last user. @p[You should never just turn the RT workstation off.] If you don't follow the procedure below when rebooting your workstation you may damage files and directories on the workstation and make the workstation unusable. The Unix operating system buffers its input and output; it "saves" input and output operations until it has a non-trivial amount of data to process. If you turn the workstation off without following this procedure, Unix may not finish writing information to the hard disk, and data will be lost. @subsection[Becoming the Superuser] To reboot your workstation properly you must have @p[superuser] privileges. To become the superuser of your workstation follow these steps: @begin[itemize] Login to the workstation with your own userid and your own password. At the Unix prompt, type the @i[su] command. On public workstations, the superuser password is @p[mrroot]. You should type this password at the @i[Password:] prompt: @begin[example] 4-035-2% @i[su] Password: @end[example] If the line @i[Sorry.] is printed after you type the password, then the superuser password isn't @p[mrroot]. Report the workstation to the Hardware Hotline by calling 3-1410, and use another workstation. If you are successful, the Unix prompt will return. The prompt may have a @p[#] in it to remind you that you are the superuser now. Now you should follow the instructions for rebooting or shutting down your workstation. @end[itemize] @subsection[Rebooting Your RT Workstation] Many problems can be fixed by rebooting the workstation. One problem that can be fixed this way is when Unix can't find commands that you know are there, like @i[emacs] and @i[more]. When problems like this occur you can still use Unix and get a prompt, but programs simply don't work or seem to disappear. See the section @i[If You Can Get a Unix Prompt] for instructions when this happens. Other times you may find that all your windows are "frozen," that Unix ignores everything you type, or you may not be able to get a login window. When this happens, follow the directions in @i[When You Can't Get a Unix Prompt] to reboot your workstation. @subsubsection[If You Can Get a Unix Prompt] Once you are logged in, follow these steps to reboot your workstation. @begin[itemize] Become the superuser as described above. Type the command @begin[example] @i[/etc/shutdown -r now] @end[example] This command will force the workstation to reboot after it shuts down. After the screen clears, you'll see a short, one-line message and a single colon on the next line. Ignore the directions in the message. @i[Don't type anything.] If you ignore the colon prompt, the workstation will reboot normally after thirty seconds. If all goes well, the familiar login window should reappear within five minutes. @end[itemize] @subsubsection[If You Can't Get a Unix Prompt] You should be absolutely certain that you can't communicate with the workstation before you try this method. This method may damage files on the hard disk! There is no "restart" button on the RT's front panel. To force the workstation to reboot, hold down the keys marked CTRL and ALT and press the PAUSE key. After a short pause the screen will clear and a one-line message will be printed along with a single colon on the next line. Ignore the directions in the message. @i[Don't type anything.] If you ignore the colon prompt, the workstation will reboot normally after thirty seconds. If all goes well, the familiar login window should appear within five minutes. @subsection[Shutting Down Your RT Workstation] You only need to shut your workstation down if you plan on moving it to another location. @i[Never] just turn off an RT workstation. To shut down the workstation, follow these steps. @begin[itemize] Login and become the superuser as described above. When you get the Unix prompt, type: @begin[example] @i[/etc/shutdown -h now] @end[example] When you see the message "processor halted (via wait)" you may turn the workstation off. @end[itemize]