4.635 History of Renaissance Architecture
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-15 April 1446)

1398 member of the silk guild with includes goldsmiths, the craft
    that trained sculptors in bronze.

1401-2 Competition panel for bronze doors of the Florence
    Baptistry. "The Sacrifice of Isaac."



Vasari, Palazzo Vecchio, image of the foundation of Florence:
 
Interior, San Giovanni, baptistry of Florence cathedral, 11th-12th centuries:
 
Panini (18th century artist), painting of interior of Hadrian's Pantheon (125 AD)

1418 Submits first model for cathedral dome. Final project, with
    Ghiberti, 1420. beginning of work 7 August 1420.
Santa Maria del Fiore, Cathedral of Florence, begun 1294:
   

        1421 100 florin award for invention of great crane for
            construction of dome.
Leonardo da Vinci, drawing of Brunelleschi's winch, or copy of a drawing of the winch.

        1426 Brunelleschi's annual pay increased to 100 florins with
            provision that he spend all of his time on the Cathedral project.
        1426 receives permission to work for the city at Pisa and the
            defenses of Lastra a Signa. (city projects could be exception
            to requirement to work only at cathedral.) 1430 he is
            engineer for siege of Lucca.
        1432. receives commission to finish model for dome lantern.
            The cathedral Opera, or building committee, finally chooses
            Brunelleschi's model over competing designs 31 Dec 1436.

     

        1434. jailed by masons guild for working as a mason without
            being enrolled in the guild.
        26 March 1436. The ceremonial dedication of the cathedral by
            pope Eugenius IV.
        30 August 1436 ceremony for the closing of the dome.
        1439 The Opera approves Brunelleschi's design for the
        tribune morte at base of the dome.

        1438 Brunelleschi arranges the choir for canons below the
            dome.
        1443 Brunelleschi named director of the cathedral works for
            life.

Hospital of the Innocents, project administered by the silk guild.
    Work begins in August 1419. Feb 1421, Brunelleschi receives 15
    florins as salary of first year of work. Last appears in documents
    in 1426. Manetti says he made a drawing of facade elevation.
    Hospital inaugurated 1445. Front stairs 1457. Ends of arcade
    altered in 1599 and 1819, 1843..

 

Constrasting Slides from Lecture:

<- Example of the methods of Prespective by Pisanello

<- The Hospital of San Matteo from the late 14th centuary

<- San Miniato from the 12th Centuary

1419 - 1422. The Barbadori chapel in Santa Felicità. The first
    surviving work of Brunelleschi's to reach completion.

Related Slides:
<- The Trinity by Masaccio

<- The Sacristy Door at S.Trinita

1421 Work begins at S. Lorenzo as designed by Prior of church. 1422 foundation of the Old Sacristy at San Lorenzo for Giovanni di Averardo de' Medici. His son, Cosimo, de Medici, oversees work. Shell (but not decoration) of Sacristy complete at Giovanni's death in 1429. (Inscription in lantern of 1428.) The first mention of B. on project in a letter of 1457. The rebuilding of the church was begun at the same time as the sacristy on a plan by the prior of San Lorenzo and was taken over by Cosimo in 1442. in exchange for the right to be buried at the intersection of the nave and the transept. Brunelleschi had given an opinion on whole church as early as September 1424. He presumably took over the project in 1442. The dome at the crossing was completed in 1461 (perhaps on new design influenced by Alberti). The nave was built between 1465-70. By his death in 1464 Cosime had spent 80,000 florins on the church. The present chapels are not part of Brunelleschi's scheme. They were completed in the 1480's.

<- Plan of S. Lorenzo

<- S. Lorenzo, transept

<- The Upper nave of S. Maria del Foire

<- S. Francesco, Bologna, late 13th century.

Milan Cathedral, begun 1390's. Representation of the (gothic) system
of geometry published in 16th century treatise on architecture of
Cesariano.

1422 foundation of the Old Sacristy for Giovanni di Averardo
    de' Medici. Shell (but not decoration) of Sacristy complete at
    Giovanni's death in 1429. (Inscription in lantern of 1428.) First
    mention of B. on project in 1457 letter, then Filarete, then Manetti.
    (1434 a scheme for a nave with 7 ft deep semicircular chapels)
    1442. The church project is taken over by Cosimo de Medici who
    receives right to burial under transept. New chapel patrons are all
    Medici allies.. Brunelleschi had given an opinion on whole church
    as early as September 1424. He presumably took over whole
    project in 1442. 1461 dome completed (perhaps on new design
    influenced by Alberti.) Nave built between 1465-70. 1464 Cosimo
    buried under crossing. He had spent 80,000 florins on the church.
    Present chapels completed 1480's. They, too are 7 ft deep. This is
    not Brunelleschi scheme.

   

Comparitive Slide:

<- Interior choir at Padua

1425. Elected one of 8 priors of Florence municipal government.
1425, 1430, or 1442. Palazzo di Parte Guelfa
1429-30. Pazzi chapel design. 1442 work begins. dome inscribed
    1459, porch dome inscribed 1461.

 

Comparitive Slide:

Florence, S. Giovanni (baptisty of Florence cathedral), 11th - 12th
centuries, detail of exterior.

1434-6. Oratory of Santa Maria degli Angeli. work suspended
    1437.
Santo Spirito. 1428 First discussed. 1434 a new building
    committee. 1446 first column brought to site. 1486 decide on 3
    door front instead of Brunelleschi's 4 door project.

    

1446. The Wool Guild (who administers construction) overrides rule
    against burial of laymen in the cathedral to honor Brunelleschi
    with burial in the church.

Brunelleschi is the first artist to be the subject of a biography. It was
    written by Antonio di Tuccio Manetti in the 1480's. This
    biography is available in an English language translation: A.
    Manetti, The Life of Brunelleschi, University Park, PA, 1976.
There is no documentary evidence that Brunelleschi travelled to
    Rome. Manetti claims that, in the company of Donatello, this is
    where he spent the period after his defeat in the Baptistry door
    competition and the beginning of work on the cathedral dome.
    Documents show him at the cathedral offering technical advice on
    the building at various points in this period.
1409 is the year in which the famous prank recounted in the novella
    of the Grasso Legnaiuolo took place.
1425, circa, is the date of the perspective demonstrations recounted
    by Manetti. This is the date of first perspective picture, Massacio's
    "Trinity" in Santa Maria Novella.
Brunelleschi is also associated with some sculpture, including
    figurines for the altar of S. Iacopo in Pistoia, and a crucifix in the
    capella Gondi, Santa Maria Novella, Florence. The four evangelists
    in the pendentives of the Pazzi chapel are sometimes attributed to him.

Donatello (1386-1466)

St. Louis niche at Or San Michele 1423
Cavalcanti tabernacle 1428-1433
Old Sacristy reliefs 1434-7.
Cantorie of Santa Maria del Fiore 1433-39

 Lorenzo Ghiberti (b.1378 or 1381 d. 1455)
Sacristy of S. Trinita, for Palla Strozzi: after 1418
    for image see above, under Old Sacristy.