% Copyright 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993
% MIT Student Information Processing Board (SIPB)
%
% The use and redistribution of this Inessential Guide to LaTeX
% is hereby granted with the following restrictions:
% * Non-local bugs should be reported back to the SIPB
%	(send email to bug-sipb@mit.edu)
% * The use of any portion of this guide must be accredited to the SIPB
% * The use of this document in its entirety (except for local changes
%	and additions) must maintain the credits, name, and logo of the
%	SIPB and the Inessential Guide to LaTeX.

\documentstyle[11pt,twoside,ifthen,fancyheadings]{report}
% The styles in the above line require the following lines in .environment:
%       attach sipb
%       setenv TEXINPUTS .:/mit/sipb/lib/tex/macros:/usr/athena/lib/tex/macros
% The ifthen macro is for ``page layout parameters'' figure.

% Revision notes
%\def\$#1${{#1}}  % Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$
%\xdef\manvers{\$Revision: 3.2 $}  % For use in headers, footers too
\def\revision{Revision: 4.0}

% Note: the RCS version is now ``version.incremental'' so if you begin
% revision 5, you should ``ci -u -r5.0 guide.tex'' the first time you
% check in the document; afterwards, just ``ci -u guide.tex''.

% Revision 4 - R. J. Barbalace  7/13/93
% Revision 3 - [eichin:19910828.0352EST]
% Revision 2 - Chee Chew 10/22/90
% Revision 1 - R. French 10/3/89
% Project begun {4/25/87}

% Trademarks and copyright symbols
\def\trademark{$^{\scriptscriptstyle {\rm TM}}$}
\def\SCRIBE{Scribe\trademark}
\def\PS{PostScript}
\def\TEX{\TeX}
\def\LATEX{\LaTeX}
\def\SIPB{SIPB}
%\def\LW{LaserWriter}
%\def\LPS{Digital LPS40}
%\def\LN03R{Digital LN03R}

% Standard settings for this document - guidemacros.sty is not used.
\setlength{\evensidemargin}{0pt}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0pt}
\setlength{\topmargin}{-24pt}
\setlength{\headheight}{14pt}
\setlength{\headsep}{24pt}
\setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in}
\setlength{\textheight}{8.5in}
\setlength{\parskip}{.1in}	

% Set headers and footers
\pagestyle{fancy}
\lhead{}
\chead{\large Inessential \LaTeX{}}
\rhead{}
\setlength{\headrulewidth}{0in}
\lfoot{MIT SIPB}
\rfoot{\revision}

% Section modifications
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}	% subsubsections are numbered
\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}	% subsubsections are listed in toc
\renewcommand{\thesection}{\arabic{section}}
\renewcommand{\thesubsection}{\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{\arabic{figure}}
\renewcommand{\theequation}{\arabic{equation}}

% Special text style commands
\newcommand{\prompt}{{\bf athena{\tt\%}} }      % Athena prompt
\newcommand{\user}[1]{``{\bf #1}''}             % Style for user input

% Describe title page

% Allow symbol footnote for title
\def\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}}

% PSbox allows a PostScript figure to be inserted into the file.
% The special command contains the name of the file
% 	(which is considered by LaTeX to be of zero width and height).
% The hspace command specifies the width of the image.
% The rule command specifies the height of the image.
% The mbox command allocates a rectangular box of the appropriate size.
% PSbox is a fragile command.
\newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\mbox{\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}\rule{0pt}{#3}}}

\title {% Sipb Owl Logo
	\vspace{-1in}
	\PSbox{fancy-owl.ps}{200pt}{200pt}
	\vspace{1in}\\
	{\huge Inessential \LaTeX{}%
	\thanks{Copyright \copyright\ 1993 Student Information Processing Board
		of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}
	\\ {\small (\revision)}
%	\\ {\Huge\bf BLEED ON ME}
}

\author{\large{\bf The Student Information Processing Board}\\\\
        {\small Robert S. French}\\
        {\small Chee H. Chew}\\
        {\small Mark W. Eichin}\\
        {\small Richard J. Barbalace}
}

% End of Preamble

\begin{document}

% Title page
\maketitle
\def\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}} % Return to arabic footnotes
\newpage

% Table of Contents
\pagenumbering{roman}
\tableofcontents
\newpage

% List of Figures
\listoffigures
\newpage
\pagenumbering{arabic}

\section{Introduction}
\subsection{What is \LaTeX{}?}

\LaTeX{} is a text-processing program recommended by \SIPB\ as an
alternative to \SCRIBE\ and EZ.  \LaTeX{} is a more powerful and a more
flexible program than either \SCRIBE\ or EZ.\footnote{EZ is improving, and
may soon be good enough for thesis work - but \LaTeX{} has actually
been used to write textbooks, and is a standard system in many parts
of the typesetting industry (along with \TeX{}.)}  Consequently, there
are many advantages to using \LaTeX{}.  For example, \LaTeX{} has a very
powerful math typesetting facility, which makes mathematical documents
easy to generate.  It is also capable of generating documents in
foreign languages complete with accents and non-English characters,
such as the German {\ss} character.  At first glance \LaTeX{} is not as
simplistic and straightforward as \SCRIBE\ or EZ.  However, it is so
much easier to produce well-formatted technical papers with \LaTeX{}
that is it well worth the effort to learn how to use it.

Although \SCRIBE\ is still available on Athena,  it is no longer
supported by Athena.\footnote{As of the 7.3 release, you need to
\verb+add scribe+ to use it; don't bother.}  Currently EZ is neither
powerful nor stable enough for thesis work.  Thus the \SIPB\ encourages
and supports the use of \LaTeX{}.  There are manuals available for use
in the \SIPB\ office, and you're welcome to drop by the office with a
question.

You must be logged into a workstation to use \LaTeX{}. To get more
information on using a workstation, see the {\em Getting Started on
Athena\/} document available from Athena, and the {\em Inessential Guide
to Athena\/} available in the \SIPB\ office (W20-557).

\section{Getting Started}

This section describes how to typeset a simple paper in the standard
way for processing by \LaTeX{}.  All of the information here is also
presented elsewhere in this document, but with a lot more detail; think
of this section as ``the short form'' to using \LaTeX{}.

The first thing you need to do is to create your \LaTeX{} source file.
This file contains all the text for your paper as well as \LaTeX{}
commands (to be described shortly).  You can use any editor you wish
to create the file; documentation on how to use text editors is
available from Athena.  You can name your \LaTeX{} file anything you
wish; the only requirement is that it end with the four characters
\verb+.tex+.

The general format of a \LaTeX{} file is shown in the following example.

\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle[doublespace,fullpage]{article}

\title{A Sample Paper}
\author{Melissa I. Thompson}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

It was a dark and stormy night, and all of the Athena fileservers had
crashed.  Poor me, I had to write a paper for one of my HASS-D
classes.

Luckily, I was able to use a wonderful text formatting program called
\LaTeX{}, and everything worked out fine.
\end{document}
\end{verbatim}

``What does all that mean?'' I hear you cry.  Here is a description of
each part.

\begin{itemize}
\item The first line of every \LaTeX{} file contains a
\verb+\documentstyle+ command.  This command tells \LaTeX{}
(surprise!) the general style of your document as well as the
``optional styles'' you wish to use.  The word in between curly braces
(\verb+{+ and \verb+}+) is the main style, and the comma-separated
list between square braces (\verb+[+ and \verb+]+) are the optional
styles.  \verb+article+ is the general-purpose paper style.  The
\verb+doublespace+ optional style tells \LaTeX{} to doublespace your
paper, and the \verb+fullpage+ option says to set the margins so you
have one inch of blank space on all sides.  (These and other styles
are discussed later in the document.)

\item The \verb+\title+, \verb+\author+, and \verb+\date+ ....

\end{itemize}

\section{Creating your Document}

For \LaTeX{} to know that you are writing a document, you have to give
it some information first.  This section describes what you need to
have in a file to run it through \LaTeX{}. 

\subsection{In the Beginning\ldots}
A typical file, such as a term paper, will begin like this:

\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle{article}

\begin{document}
\end{verbatim}

This tells \LaTeX{} the following things:

\begin{itemize}
\item This example is an \verb+article+.  The article style may be used
for any kind of standard paper.  An \verb+article+ is shorter than a
\verb+report+.\footnote{This \LaTeX{} guide is a {\tt report}.}  The
\verb+book+ style also exists.  It is meant for real books.  These
options control section headings and tables of contents and other
things.

\item The main text is printed in a 10 point font by
default.\footnote{Putting 10pt in the {\tt $\backslash$documentstyle}
will cause an error.}  There are several text sizes available:  10, 11,
and 12 point.  This document is printed in 11 point.  The various {\em
type sizes} within a document are relative to this base size, as
described in subsection~\ref{subsec:typ}.  If no base size is
specified, 10 point is assumed.  To change to a base size of 11 point
or 12 point, change the document style with an optional parameter,
placed inside square braces immediately after the command name, like
this:

\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle[11pt]{article}
\end{verbatim}

\item There are many other optional parameters which can be used, some
of which will be mentioned later.  They are all entered inside the
square brackets, and are separated by commas, with no spaces in
between.  For example,
\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle[twoside,doublespace,11pt]{report}
\end{verbatim}

sets the document up as an 11 point, double spaced, double sided
report.\footnote{The paper is printed single sided but the printers
will line up the margins correctly so you can photocopy onto both
sides of the paper.}

\item The space between the \verb+\documentstyle+ and the
\verb+\begin{document}+ commands is called the {\em header area\/} or
{\em preamble}.  Various control parameters, such as the layout of the
title page (if you want one) go here.  The actual text of your
document begins after the \verb+\begin{document}+.
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{Optional Parameters}  

There are many optional parameters which may be included in the
\verb+\documentstyle+  line, as in the example above.  These options
can be combined.  Some of the common ones are:\footnote{Those marked
with a ${}^{\dagger}$ require a special TEXINPUTS environment variable
discussed in Section~\ref{texinputs}.}

\begin{description}

\item[doublespace] Causes the document to be doublespaced and defines
the \verb+\doublespace+ and the \verb+\singlespace+ commands for
changing document spacing. 

\item[fullpage$^{\dagger}$] This is the easiest way to set normal
margin widths.\footnote{Both fullpage and simplemargins (see below)
are explained in detail in Section~\ref{sec:margins}.}

\item[simplemargins$^{\dagger}$] Enables commands to simplify
modifying the margins.  This gives more flexibility than fullpage (see
above) but takes a little more effort to use.

\item[twocolumn] Will print text in two vertical columns, side by side.

\item[times] For TimesRoman font.

% \item[palatino] For Palatino font.

\item[quiet] Will tell \LaTeX{} to run in ``quiet'' mode, suppressing
warning messages. 

\item[ncs] For NewCenturySchoolBook Font.

\item[avantgarde] For Avant-Garde Font.

\item[bookman] For Bookman Font.

\end{description}

% \newpage
\subsection{Title Page}
To put a title page into a document, you could type the following:

\vbox{
\begin{verbatim}
\documentstyle{report}

\title{Inessential LaTeX}
\author{The Student Information Processing Board}
\date{\today}

\begin{document}
\maketitle
\end{verbatim}
} 
\noindent Creating a title page is a two step process in \LaTeX{}.
First you give it the information you want it to put on the title page
and then you tell it to make the title page.  The \verb+\title+,
\verb+\author+ and
\verb+\date+ commands do not generate text---they merely specify what
\verb+\maketitle+ will place on the title page.  Any or all of these
commands may be omitted.  The \verb+\maketitle+ command generates the
title page.  You must place it after the \verb+\begin{document}+.  In
the \verb+article+ document style, the title ``page'' is at the top of
the first page of the document.  To put the title ``page'' on a page
by itself place a \verb+\newpage+ command after the \verb+\maketitle+.
In the \verb+report+ and \verb+book+ styles, it is on a separate page
at the beginning.
\label{sec:docstyle}

\LaTeX{} will automatically number pages, but often you don't want a
page number on the title page.  To eliminate the page number on the
first page, put \verb+\thispagestyle{empty}+ before the
\verb+\maketitle+. 

It is possible to number pages alphabetically or with
roman numerals.  It is also possible to change the current page
number.  See the section of the \LaTeX{} manual on page styles.

\subsection{Body}
The body of the document can be normal text.  Paragraphs are separated
by completely blank lines or by the \verb+\par+ command.
\paragraph{Special characters}
When entering normal text, you must watch out for a few things.  Some
characters are reserved for commands to \LaTeX{}, and are treated as
such unless you tell \LaTeX{} to treat them as normal characters.  To
use the characters
\begin{verbatim}
	# $ % & _ { }
\end{verbatim}
outside of a \verb+verbatim+ environment (see section~\ref{sec:group}
for more information on environments), you must precede them with a
backslash (\verb+\+), like this:
\begin{verbatim}
	\# \$ \% \& \_ \{ \}
\end{verbatim}

These characters are also reserved:
\begin{verbatim}
	~ ^ \
\end{verbatim}
Often, if you think you want one of these characters, you probably
want to do something else.
\begin{itemize}
\item \verb+~+ can be produced in several ways.  If you want a tilde
over a character, like \~{n}, you can type \verb+\~{n}+ or if you want
a mathematical $\sim$ you can type \verb+$\sim$+ (which stands for
{\em sim}\/ilar to).  More often you will want the $\sim$ within
another math expression anyhow; for more detail see
section~\ref{sec:math} below.
\item \verb+^+ can likewise mean circumflex, as in \^{o} which is
produced with \verb+\^{o}+.  In math mode you would use
\verb+\hat{o}+ to indicate a unit vector.
\item \verb+\+ is not used very often  in normal writing, but you can type
\verb+$\backslash$+ if you want to use it. 
\end{itemize}

\paragraph{Quotation Marks}
Ever notice how typeset material always has nice quotation marks, for
example, ``this'' instead of \verb+"+this\verb+"+?  \LaTeX{} can
generate these fancy quotes with just a little effort on your part.
The `` character, used to start a quotation, is made by typing
\verb+``+.  Note that these are reverse quote characters, usually
found on the upper-left hand side of the keyboard.  The '' character
is made by typing \verb+''+.  In Emacs, \LaTeX{} mode will generate the
proper characters when you press the \verb+"+ key.  \LaTeX{} mode is
automatically loaded when you load a file ending in \verb+.tex+ that
has a \verb+\documentstyle+ command near the top.

\paragraph{Divisions}
Text can be divided into parts, chapters,\footnote{Chapters are available
within {\tt book} and {\tt report} but not in {\tt article}, so that
an article can be included as a chapter.} sections, subsections,
subsubsections, paragraphs, and subparagraphs.  Each division
has its own \LaTeX{} command (\verb+\section+,
\verb+\subsection+, etc.).  These commands produce the appropriate
headings and entries in the table of contents, as well as numbering
the divisions.  For normal use, you probably want to use
\verb+section+, \verb+subsection+, and \verb+paragraph+.  The section 
\verb+paragraph+ is different from the command \verb+\par+.  A section
command places the title you give it in bold at the beginning of the
paragraph.  The \verb+\par+ command simply marks the beginning of the
paragraph, as would a blank line.

%%%%	KLUDGE ALERT.  These commands are to fix a bad page break:
\newpage For example, in this document you are currently reading:

\begin{verbatim}
\section{What to Start With}
... things that are in the section ...
\subsection{Body}
... things that are in the subsection ...
\paragraph{Divisions}
... things that are in the paragraph ...
\end{verbatim}

\paragraph{Table of Contents}
Since \LaTeX{} already has all of this information about the structure
of the document, it can easily collect it and build a table of
contents.  It will only do this if you explicitly tell it to.  \LaTeX{}\
will put the table of contents wherever you 
include the line
\begin{verbatim}
\tableofcontents
\end{verbatim}
in your document.  To put the table of contents at the beginning (where
people expect to find it) just put it in after the \verb+\maketitle+
command.  You should run \LaTeX{} at least twice after you add the
table of contents, since it takes two or three tries to get the table
of contents right---once to write all the page numbers out to a file,
a second time to include those numbers at the beginning of the
document, and possibly a third time if the number of pages the table
of contents occupies changes.

When you make major changes, \LaTeX{} may tell you that you need
to run it twice.  It is always a good idea to do this before
you print the final version of a document, just to make sure
everything is correct.


\subsection{Environments}
 If you want to change how \LaTeX{} treats a certain section of text
(for instance changing the type style), you have to specify what text.
In \LaTeX{} lingo, you need to indicate the {\em scope\/} of the
command you are using to change the {\em environment}.  For small
sections of text, this is done by starting the {\em environment\/}
with an open brace (\verb+{+) character, followed by the command to
change the defaults, and ending with the close brace \verb+}+
character.  For example, to emphasize some text, {\em like this},
you should type \verb+{\em like this}+.  This limits the {\em scope\/}
of the emphasize command to the environment within the braces.

An environment can also be delimited with a {\em begin---end\/} pair.  This is
quite useful for larger sections of text.  For example, to center
multiple lines of text,

\begin{center}
like\\
these two,
\end{center}

\noindent you could use the following lines:

\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
like\\
these two,
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}

\noindent Note the \verb+\\+ following the first line.  This is a
command which tells \LaTeX{} to break the line at that point, rather
than filling the text completely between the two margins like it
normally does.  This allows you to force lines to end when you want
them to, rather than when \LaTeX{} wants them to.

\subsection{Ending the Document}
The last thing to put in the document is the line

\begin{verbatim}
\end{document}
\end{verbatim}

The only text after this should be comments, since you have now
finished your document.  \LaTeX{} ignores anything which follows the
\verb+\end{document}+ command.

\section{Processing your Document}

\label{texinputs}Once you have written your file and entered all the necessary
\LaTeX{} commands, you have to process the file before previewing or
printing it.  This is true for almost any text formatter.

\subsection{Running \LaTeX{}}\label{sec:run}
If you have  used any special .sty files (the optional
\verb+documentstyle+ parameters mentioned previously) which are
only available from \SIPB, you must first set an environment variable to
let \LaTeX{} know where to go to find these files.  The command is:

\begin{verbatim}
attach sipb
setenv TEXINPUTS .:/mit/sipb/lib/tex/macros:/usr/athena/lib/tex/macros
\end{verbatim}

These lines can be placed in your \verb+.environment+ file.  (See the
Athena document ``Essential Dotfiles.'')

Since \LaTeX{} is now provided by Athena,\footnote{\SIPB\ introduced
\LaTeX{} on Athena, which eventually led to Athena adopting it in the
summer of 1989.} you can process a \LaTeX{} file by typing
\begin{verbatim}
latex filename.tex
\end{verbatim}

\noindent where {\em filename.tex\/} is the name of your file that you
want to process.  \LaTeX{} produces an output file named {\em
filename.dvi\/} (a {\bf d\/}e\/{\bf v\/}ice {\bf i\/}ndependent file),
which can be converted and printed on various types of printers.

\subsection{Previewing the Final Output}
It is usually convenient to use the graphic display of your
workstation to preview your document before printing it.  The command
\verb+xdvi filename &+ creates a window which shows you what the
file will look like when it is printed on the printer.  After you
position the \verb+xdvi+ window on your screen, it should show the
first page of the document.  You can use this like the {\em more\/}
command:  hit space to go forward a page, and \verb+b+ to go back a
page.  This way you can go back and forth between the \verb+xdvi+
previewer and the \LaTeX{} source, rerunning \LaTeX{} and looking at the
\verb+xdvi+ display each time.  (\verb+xdvi+ automatically notices that
you've changed something, and displays the newest output.)  For more
details about how to use \verb+xdvi+ see the one page guide at the end
of this document.  Using \verb+xdvi+ will prevent you from having to
print out your document each time you want to see what the final
product will look like.

\subsection{Printing the File}
When you are ready to print out the file, you must convert from dvi
format to the format of the printer you are using.  To translate
\verb+filename.dvi+ to \PS{}\footnote{\PS{} is the
``language'' understood by Athena printers, and many others.} and send
it to your default printer, use the command:
\begin{verbatim}
dvips filename
\end{verbatim}
If you have no default printer\footnote{You can check this by typing
\verb+lpq+ and noting what printer it lists.} or you want to send the
printout to a specific printer\footnote{For example {\tt linus}, the
high volume LPS-40 printer in building 11} use the command:

{\tt dvips -P{\em printername\/} filename}

\noindent replacing {\em printername\/} with the name of the printer to
which you want to send your document. 

It is possible to
obtain the intermediate \PS{} file, but generally they are huge
files.  If for some reason, you need that the \PS{} file, you can
use the command 

{\tt dvips -o filename.PS filename}

It is possible to select particular pages out of a document, if you
are making changes and want to see what they will look like on paper
(note that \verb+xdvi+ gives a very accurate rendition, and should be
enough for most purposes).  The command

{\tt dvips -p{\em first\/} -l{\em last\/} -P{\em printername\/} filename}

will print from the page numbered ``first'' to the page numbered
``last''. 

Note that there is an older conversion program, {\tt dvi2ps}, on
Athena.  {\tt dvi2ps} had a number of minor bugs which made it
unusable with certain files.  {\tt dvips} has many features which
{\tt dvi2ps} didn't, and it produces smaller and faster \PS{}
files than {\tt dvi2ps} did.  Therefore \SIPB\ recommends you use {\tt
dvips}.  You may need to {\tt add sipb} or {\tt attach sipb} to use it.

\subsection{Landscape (or Sideways) Mode}

If you want to print your document ``sideways,'' with the text running
parallel to the long edge of the paper, simply include 
\begin{verbatim}
\special{landscape}
\end{verbatim}
on the first page of your document.  You also need to set the margins
to correspond to this new paper size (11x8.5 instead of 8.5x11) --- see
section~\ref{sec:margins} for details on changing them.

\section{Error Messages}
The error messages produced by \LaTeX{} are the most confusing part of
using it.  Most people have trouble understanding what \LaTeX{} is
telling them.  Here are some of the more common errors, what they
mean, and how you can fix the problem.

In general, when an error occurs you should hit return to see if
\LaTeX{} will keep on going, or enter
\verb+x+ to exit.  
If \LaTeX{} is asking for a filename, \verb+Control-D+ will help exit
\LaTeX{}. 
If \verb+x+, \verb+^C+, and \verb+^D+ do not return you to your
\verb+athena%+ prompt, type
\verb+^Z+.  In order to kill the {\em stopped\/} process you need
to do the following:
\begin{verbatim}
athena% kill %latex
athena% 
[1]  + Terminated           latex
athena%
\end{verbatim}
By hitting $<$return$>$ when you get your prompt back you should get
the message that \LaTeX{} was indeed killed.  For more information
about processes and how to control them see {\em More Unix:  the
C-shell\/} available from Athena.

\subsection{\LaTeX{} errors}
There are two kinds of errors:  \LaTeX{} errors and \TeX{} errors.  \TeX{}
is the language in which \LaTeX{} is written, and some of the basic
errors come from there.  All errors have an error message which starts
with an exclamation point.  A \LaTeX{} error can be distinguished from a
\TeX{} error by the following:
\begin{verbatim}
LaTeX error.  See LaTeX manual for explanation.
              Type  H <return>  for immediate help.
\end{verbatim}
\noindent The error message is printed on the next line, followed by
the cryptic message
\begin{verbatim}
\@latexerr ...for immediate help.}\errmessage {#1}
\end{verbatim}
\noindent This line should be ignored.  The next line 
starts with a number and then the text of the line that caused the
error.  The part of the number after the decimal point is the line number where the error occurred.
If you cannot figure out what the problem is by looking at the error
message, you can go to the offending line in the original document and
look at it.  The problem may lie a few lines above the one which
\LaTeX{} complained about.  The error message should make more sense
after you have looked at the offending text.

Some of the more common error messages are:

\begin{verbatim}
!  \begin{...} ended by \end{...}.
\end{verbatim}

\noindent This is usually caused by forgetting to end an environment which
was started by a \verb+\begin+ command.

\begin{verbatim}
!  Can be used only in preamble.
\end{verbatim}

\noindent Certain commands can only be entered before the
\verb+\begin{document}+ statement.  This part of the file
is called the ``preamble.''  Move the offending statement
to the preamble and try again.

\begin{verbatim}
! Undefined control sequence.
l.7 \auhtor{The Student Information Processing Board}
\end{verbatim}

\noindent The command \verb+\auhtor+ on line seven is misspelled and so
\LaTeX{} does not recognize it.  If \LaTeX{} does not recognize a
command you used, but you think it exists, check the documentation
again to make sure you are using the command correctly.

\begin{verbatim}
!  Environment ... undefined.
\end{verbatim}

\noindent An environment defined in a \verb+\begin+ or \verb+\end+
statement is not recognized.  This is usually caused by a spelling
error.

\begin{verbatim}
!  Missing \begin{document}.
\end{verbatim}

\noindent All files must have a \verb+\begin{document}+ before any
text which is intended to be printed.

\subsection{\TeX{} errors}

\begin{verbatim}
!  I can't find file `...'.
\end{verbatim}

\noindent \TeX{} will wait for you to type in a file name.  If a
mistake was made, and you want to abort the command, you will need to
hit \verb+^D+ which will cause an ``Emergency stop'' when \TeX{} is
waiting for you to type something.

\begin{verbatim}
!  Missing { inserted.
!  Missing } inserted.
\end{verbatim}

\begin{verbatim}
!  Missing $ inserted.
\end{verbatim}

\noindent This usually occurs if a command was typed which can only be
used in math mode.  \LaTeX{} can be allowed to continue, but the output
will look strange.  The offending command should be put into math
mode.

If you cannot figure out what is wrong, give the \SIPB\ office a
call,\footnote{Our phone number is 253-7788, or stop by our office in
W20-557 --- just outside the Student Center cluster.} or try the Athena
Consultants.\footnote{On-line, type \verb+olc+ or call 253-4435.}

\subsection{Warnings}

Warnings do not cause \LaTeX{} to stop processing the document, but
preview the output before printing your final version to make sure the
output is acceptable.  Below are some common warnings, followed by
explanations. 

\begin{verbatim}
Overfull \hbox (24.30751pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6--9
\end{verbatim}

\noindent This occurs whenever a line is too wide to fit between the margins.
\LaTeX{} will produce a line that is too wide when it cannot find
an acceptable place to insert a line break.  Use \verb+xdvi+ to look
at the output, then change the file if necessary.

\begin{verbatim}
Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6--18
\end{verbatim}

\noindent This error is similar to \verb+Overfull \hbox+.  It occurs
when \LaTeX{} is forced to put lots of space between words to justify
the text.  This usually happens when a paragraph is not properly ended
before certain kinds of environments (like forcing a return with
\verb+\\+).  Inserting a blank line or a 
\verb+\par+ command after the offending paragraph should fix it.

\begin{verbatim}
(\end occurred inside a group at level 1)
\end{verbatim}

\noindent This occurs if you open an environment and forget to close it
before the \verb+\end{document}+.

\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right.
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}

\noindent This occurs when page numbers change from one running of
\LaTeX{} to another.  Simply re-run \LaTeX{} to resolve the problem.
Occasionally, \LaTeX{} will have to be run twice in a row to clear up
the problem.


\section{Other useful things to know about}
\label{sec:group}

\LaTeX{} is very powerful.  There are commands to do
almost anything.  This guide is an attempt to explain many of the
commonly used commands.  Below you will find information that should
help you produce papers with \LaTeX{}.  If you are familiar with
\SCRIBE, you will begin to see why \LaTeX{} is easier to use.

\subsection{Margins}
\label{sec:margins}

\LaTeX{} has very large default margins -- almost two inches
wide on each side.  Most people don't like them.\footnote{Except for
people writing books, who need them.}  Fortunately, \LaTeX{} margins
are easy to change.  An easy way to use more of the page is to use the
\verb+fullpage+ documentstyle (see section~\ref{sec:docstyle}).

While most text formatting systems use left and
right margins, \LaTeX{} keeps track of the left margin and the text
width.  In fact, since \LaTeX{} lets you specify different margins for
even and odd numbered pages, it keeps track of two left hand
margins.\footnote{While this is very useful for double sided
documents, it can make changing the margins a little confusing.}  So,
to reduce the left hand margin by half an inch you would use the
commands:
\begin{verbatim}
\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-.5in}
\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-.5in}
\end{verbatim}
\noindent Then to reduce the ``right hand margin'' by the same amount, you
would increase text width:
\begin{verbatim}
\addtolength{\TeX{}twidth}{1in}
\end{verbatim}

If you've included the {\em simplemargins\/} option in your
\verb+\documentstyle+ line, you can use a set of commands to simplify
setting margins.  These commands are perhaps more intuitive:

\begin{verbatim} 
\setleftmargin{1in} 
\setrightmargin{1in} 
\settopmargin{1in}
\setbottommargin{1in}
\end{verbatim} 

\noindent If you merely want to set all margins to a uniform size, use:

\begin{verbatim}
\setallmargins{1in}
\end{verbatim}

Again, however, you must have included the {\em simplemargins\/} command
and you must thus also use the TEXINPUTS command mentioned in section
\ref{texinputs}. 



\subsection{Type Styles}
There are several different type styles available in \LaTeX{}:  {\bf
bold} (bf), {\sf sans serif} (sf), {\sl slanted\/} (sl), {\sc small
caps} (sc), {\tt typewriter} (tt), {\it italic\/} (it), and the default,
roman (rm).  To use one of these type styles simply, use the
appropriate command as shown in the following example.

\begin{tabbing}
\hspace{2.5in}\=\kill

The following lines:		\> Are produced by:\\

{\bf This is bold type.}	\> \verb+{\bf This is bold type.}+\\
{\sf This is sans serif type.}	\> \verb+{\sf This is sans serif type.}+\\
{\sl This is slanted type.}	\> \verb+{\sl This is slanted type.}+\\
{\sc This is Small Caps type.}	\> \verb+{\sc This is Small Caps type.}+\\
{\tt This is typewriter type.}	\> \verb+{\tt This is typewriter type.}+\\
{\it This is italic type.}	\> \verb+{\it This is italic type.}+\\
{\rm This is normal roman type.} \> \verb+{\rm This is normal roman type.}+\\
\end{tabbing}

You will notice that there is no underline style.  This is
intentional, since underlining is not normally used in a typeset
document.  Titles (and other text normally underlined in hand-written
documents) are properly emphasized with the \verb+\em+ command.
If you really want to get \underline{underlining}, type
\verb+\underline{+{\em text to be underlined\/}\verb+}+, but note that
underlining is ``fragile'' (which makes it difficult to use in section
titles and a few other places -- see the \LaTeX{} manual for details).

\subsection{Type Sizes}\label{subsec:typ}
The type size can be controlled as well.  If you want to change the
size as well as the style, you must set the size first, and
then the style; to get a large bold type style, type
\verb+{\large\bf +{\em text\/}\verb+}+.

\begin{tabbing}
\hspace{3.25in}\=\kill

The following sizes:		\> Are produced by:\\
{\tiny This is tiny type.} \> \verb+{\tiny This is tiny type.}+ \\
{\scriptsize This is scriptsize type.} \> \verb+{\scriptsize This is scriptsize type.}+ \\
{\footnotesize This is footnotesize type.} \> \verb+{\footnotesize This is footnotesize type.}+ \\
{\small This is small type.} \> \verb+{\small This is small type.}+ \\
{\normalsize This is normalsize type.} \> \verb+{\normalsize This is normalsize type.}+ \\
{\large This is large type.} \> \verb+{\large This is large type.}+ \\
{\Large This is Large type.} \> \verb+{\Large This is Large type.}+ \\
{\LARGE This is LARGE type.} \> \verb+{\LARGE This is LARGE type.}+ \\
{\huge This is huge type.} \> \verb+{\huge This is huge type.}+ \\
{\Huge This is Huge type.} \> \verb+{\Huge This is Huge type.}+ \\
\end{tabbing}

\subsection{Footnotes}

	Footnotes are very easy in \LaTeX{}.  You simply place the
footnote text where you want the reference to appear and \LaTeX{} takes
care of everything else.  This sentence and footnote\footnote{See?
It's a footnote.} were created by typing the following:  \verb+This
sentence and footnote\footnote{See? It's a footnote.} were created by
typing the following+.

\subsection{Tables}

	\LaTeX{} has a simple method for generating all sorts of
tables.  You give it one command to tell it how to set up the table
and then give it the data.  You specify how many columns the table is
going to have, what to do to the data within each column as well as
how to separate each column.  When you enter the data you give one row
at a time.  Each data field is separated by ``\&'' and the end of a row
is signalled by ``\verb+\\+''.  Here are several examples of what is
possible and how to create them.

\begin{tabular}{clr}
a& b& c\\ aa& bb& cccccc\\
aaa& 
bbb& ccc\\
\end{tabular}

This is a table with three columns.  In the first column the data is
centered, in the second it is left justified and in the third it is
right justified.  This was done by entering \verb+{clr}+.  Changing
what is in these curly braces changes the number of columns and how
each one is formatted.  The previous example was created with the
following text.  Notice that the line breaks in the typed text make no
difference to \LaTeX{}.  Rows are separated by the \verb+\\+ character
and the columns within the rows are separated by the \& character.

\begin{verbatim}
\begin{tabular}{clr}
a& b& c\\ aa& bb& cccccc\\
aaa& 
bbb& ccc\\
\end{tabular}
\end{verbatim}

	You can also have boxes around the table and lines separating
the columns if you like.  \LaTeX{} will put vertical lines wherever
you put a \verb+|+ in the column specifications.  \LaTeX{} has two
commands for creating horizontal lines in tables.  \verb+\hline+ creates a
horizontal line across the whole table.  \verb+\cline{m-n}+ creates a
horizontal line from the beginning of column \verb+m+ to the end of
column \verb+n+. 

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{||c|l||r||}\hline
a& b& c\\ \cline{2-3} aa& bb& cc\\ \hline
aaa& 
bbb& ccc\\ \hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

This was created using the following commands:

\begin{verbatim}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{||c|l||r||}\hline
a& b& c\\ \cline{2-3} aa& bb& cc\\ \hline
aaa& 
bbb& ccc\\ \hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\end{verbatim}

\subsection{Lists}

	There are four different types of lists in \LaTeX{}.  The
following is an example containing all four.
 
\begin{description}
\item [Enumerate] will give you a numbered list.
\begin{enumerate}
\item You can nest lists in \LaTeX{}\
\begin{enumerate}
\item You can even sub-nest lists
\item and it changes how they are counted
\end{enumerate}
\item up to four levels deep
\end{enumerate}
\item [Itemize] produces a list with bullets
\begin{itemize}
\item Some people like bullets,
\item while others do not.
\end{itemize}
\item [Description] is what you use when you want to describe a
list of items.  This list of \verb+list+ environments is an example of
a \verb+description+.  Notice that it will bold face the items you are
describing. 
\item [List] If you do not like any of these possibilities you can
modify the \verb+list+ environment to create your own.  See the 
\LaTeX{} manual for more information.
\end{description}  

\noindent The following text was used to create the previous
example.  We have broken it up to add comments and explanations of some
of the more obscure commands.


\begin{verbatim}
% The percent sign is the comment character in LaTeX.  LaTeX ignores
% everything on a line following a % character.
\begin{description}

% Notice the brackets and braces; {} are very different from [] in LaTeX

\item [Enumerate]  will give you a numbered list.

\begin{enumerate}                
\item You can nest lists in \LaTeX{}
\begin{enumerate}
\item You can even sub-nest lists
\item and it changes how they are counted
\end{enumerate}
\item up to four levels deep
\end{enumerate}

\item [Itemize] produces a list with bullets

\begin{itemize}
\item Some people like bullets,
\item while others do not.
\end{itemize}

\item [Description] is what you use when you want to describe a
list of items.  This list of \verb+list+ environments is an example of
a \verb+description+.

\item [List] If you do not like any of these possibilities you can
modify the \verb+list+ environment to create your own.  See the 
\LaTeX{} manual for more information.
\end{description}
\end{verbatim}


\section{Documents in a Foreign Language }\label{sec:lang}

\LaTeX{} is very useful for writing documents in a foreign
language.  \LaTeX{} can theoretically support any language.\footnote{Some
languages require unusual fonts.  \SIPB\ is
experimenting with \TeX{} for other languages, including German,
Russian, and Arabic; send email to \verb+sipb-babel+ if you are
interested in more details.}  However, in reality, there is hyphenation
support for only a few dozen.  The standard version of \LaTeX{}\
supports the English language, and it can hyphenate most English words
correctly.  \SIPB\ has a version of \LaTeX{} which can hyphenate a
document written in German, and we are working on getting French and
Spanish versions.  The English version can be used to produce foreign
language documents, but be warned that hyphenation will be according
to rules of the English language.

\paragraph{Foreign Symbols}
Many Western languages use symbols and accents that do not appear in
normal English.  \LaTeX{} provides a convenient method of generating
accents and other symbols.  Figure~\ref{fig:accents} shows accents
that can be placed on any existing character -- simply replace the
\verb+o+ in the curly braces with the letter you wish to accent.


\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclclcl}
\'{o} & \verb+\'{o}     +&
\`{o} & \verb+\`{o}     +&
\^{o} & \verb+\^{o}     +&
\"{o} & \verb+\"{o}     +&
\~{o} & \verb+\~{o}+\\
\={o} & \verb+\={o}+&
\.{o} & \verb+\.{o}+&
\u{o} & \verb+\u{o}+&
\v{o} & \verb+\v{o}+&
\H{o} & \verb+\H{o}+\\
\t{oo} & \verb+\t{oo}+&
\c{o} & \verb+\c{o}+&
\d{o} & \verb+\d{o}+&
\b{o} & \verb+\b{o}+& \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Accents}\label{fig:accents}
\end{figure}

Some other foreign characters are encoded directly, when they cannot
be built as combinations.  Figure~\ref{fig:syms} shows foreign language
symbols which are available, and Figure~\ref{fig:spsyms} shows some
special non-English symbols.

\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclclcl}
\oe & \verb+\oe     + &
\OE & \verb+\OE     + &
\ae & \verb+\ae     + &
\AE & \verb+\AE     + &
\aa & \verb+\aa     + \\
\AA & \verb+\AA+ &
\o & \verb+\o+ &
\O & \verb+\O+ &
\l & \verb+\l+ &
\L & \verb+\L+ \\
\ss &  \verb+\ss+ &
?` & \verb+?`+ &
!` & \verb+!`+\\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Foreign language symbols}\label{fig:syms}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclclcl}
\dag & \verb+\dag    + &
\ddag & \verb+\ddag   + &
\S & \verb+\S      + &
\P & \verb+\P      + &
\copyright & \verb+\copyright+ \\
\pounds & \verb+\pounds+ \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Special Language Symbols}\label{fig:spsyms}
\end{figure}

\section{Mathematical Text and other Special Symbols}\label{sec:math}

Equations can be inserted into your text in several ways.  Placing
\verb+$+\ldots\verb+$+ or \verb+\(+\ldots\verb+\)+ or
\verb+\begin{math}+ \ldots \verb+\end{math}+ 
around the mathematical expression or special symbol allows you to
place it in a line of normal text.  This will use the smaller symbols
(see Figure~\ref{fig:varsym}), and adjust the size of the formula as
necessary.  It will also adjust other things.  For example, to place
$\sum_{i=1}^n$ in a line of text \LaTeX{} puts the ``$i=1$'' to the
right of the $\sum$ instead of underneath.  Placing
\verb+\[+\ldots\verb+\]+ or \verb+\begin{displaymath}+\ldots
\verb+\end{displaymath}+ around the expression will center it and set
it off from the rest of the text, using the larger symbols. 

\begin{figure}[htb]
\begin{tabbing}
\hspace{1.6in}\=
\hspace{1.6in}\=
\hspace{1.6in}\=
\kill

%% Variable-sized Symbols (3.8, p45) which are different in text/display.
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \sum  \]\end{minipage} $\sum$ \verb+  \sum+
\>
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \prod \]\end{minipage} $\prod$ \verb+  \prod+
\>
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \coprod \]\end{minipage} $\coprod$ \verb+  \coprod+
\>
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \int \]\end{minipage} $\int$ \verb+  \int+
\\
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \oint \]\end{minipage} $\oint$ \verb+  \oint+
\>
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigcap \]\end{minipage} $\bigcap$ \verb+  \bigcap+
\>
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigcup \]\end{minipage} $\bigcup$ \verb+  \bigcup+
\>
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigsqcup \]\end{minipage} $\bigsqcup$ \verb+  \bigsqcup+
\\
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigvee \]\end{minipage} $\bigvee$ \verb+  \bigvee+
\>
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigwedge \]\end{minipage} $\bigwedge$ \verb+  \bigwedge+
\>
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigodot \]\end{minipage} $\bigodot$ \verb+  \bigodot+
\>
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigotimes \]\end{minipage} $\bigotimes$ \verb+  \bigotimes+
\\
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigoplus \]\end{minipage} $\bigoplus$ \verb+  \bigoplus+
\>
\begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \biguplus \]\end{minipage} $\biguplus$ \verb+  \biguplus+
\\
\end{tabbing}
\caption{Mathematical Symbols}\label{fig:varsym}
\end{figure}


To create a simple equation, for example $ F=ma $, you need only type
\verb+$ F=ma $+.  For more advanced formul\ae, like $ E=mc^2 $, you need
to tell \LaTeX{} to superscript the 2.  The \verb+^+ character instructs
\LaTeX{} to superscript, and the \verb+_+ character instructs \LaTeX{} to
subscript. 

For example, \verb+$ E=mc^2 $+ is used to produce $E=mc^2$. 
Likewise  \verb:$ x_{k+1} $:  is used to produce  $ x_{k+1} $ .


If you want to put more than one character in the superscript or
subscript, you need to group them, using \verb+{+ and \verb+}+ as in
the examples above.  To print something with both superscripts and
subscripts, like $ _{238}U^{+4} $, just type \verb|$ _{238}U^{+4}
$|.\footnote{Notice that nothing in particular was subscripted, \LaTeX{}\
was told to subscript and it did the ``right thing''.}  Anything can
go into the brackets, and \LaTeX{} will figure out what to do with it:
$ x^{35+9^{y_{z}}+4_{z}}_{1997} $ requires the hideous expression
\verb|$x^{35+9^{y_{z}}+4_{z}}_{1997}$|, but if you look
carefully it should be clear what is happening.  
To get the prime ($'$) symbol in math mode, type an
apostrophe (\verb+'+). 
Try some complex
expressions of your own, and see how easy they are to create.  There are
many symbols not found on the keyboard to help you in formatting just
about any kind of formula.  See Figures~\ref{fig:binops},
\ref{fig:relations}, \ref{fig:arrows} and \ref{fig:miscs} for symbols
not found on the keyboard, like $\pm$, $\geq$, $\leadsto$ and $\wp$.
\begin{figure}[hptb]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclclcl}
%% Binary Operation Symbols (3.4, page 44)
$\pm$ & \verb+\pm     + & $\mp$ & \verb+\mp     + &
$\times$ & \verb+\times  + & $\div$ & \verb+\div    + &
$\ast$ & \verb+\ast    + \\

$\star$ & \verb+\star+ & $\circ$ & \verb+\circ+ &
$\bullet$ & \verb+\bullet+ & $\cdot$ & \verb+\cdot+ &
$\cap$ & \verb+\cap+ \\

$\cup$ & \verb+\cup+ & $\uplus$ & \verb+\uplus+ &
$\sqcap$ & \verb+\sqcap+ & $\sqcup$ & \verb+\sqcup+ &
$\vee$ & \verb+\vee+ \\

$\wedge$ & \verb+\wedge+ & $\setminus$ & \verb+\setminus+ &
$\wr$ & \verb+\wr+ & $\diamond$ & \verb+\diamond+ &
$\amalg$ & \verb+\amalg+ \\

$\lhd$ & \verb+\lhd+ & $\rhd$ & \verb+\rhd+ &
$\unlhd$ & \verb+\unlhd+ & $\unrhd$ & \verb+\unrhd+ &
$\oplus$ & \verb+\oplus+ \\

$\ominus$ & \verb+\ominus+ & $\otimes$ & \verb+\otimes+ &
$\oslash$ & \verb+\oslash+ & $\odot$ & \verb+\odot+ &
$\bigcirc$ & \verb+\bigcirc+ \\

$\dagger$ & \verb+\dagger+ & $\ddagger$ & \verb+\ddagger+ \\

% spread these long names:
$\bigtriangleup$ & \multicolumn{3}{l}{\tt $\backslash$bigtriangleup} &
$\bigtriangledown$ & \multicolumn{3}{l}{\tt $\backslash$bigtriangledown} \\

$\triangleleft$ & \multicolumn{3}{l}{\tt $\backslash$triangleleft} &
$\triangleright$ & \multicolumn{3}{l}{\tt $\backslash$triangleright} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Binary Operations}\label{fig:binops}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[hptb]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclclcl}
%% Relation Symbols (3.5, p44)
$\leq$ & \verb+\leq    + & $\prec$ & \verb+\prec   + &
$\preceq$ & \verb+\preceq + & $\ll$ & \verb+\ll     + &
$\subset$ & \verb+\subset + \\

$\subseteq$ & \verb+\subseteq+ & $\sqsubset$ & \verb+\sqsubset+ &
$\sqsubseteq$ & \verb+\sqsubseteq+ & $\in$ & \verb+\in+ &
$\vdash$ & \verb+\vdash+ \\

$\geq$ & \verb+\geq+ & $\succ$ & \verb+\succ+ &
$\succeq$ & \verb+\succeq+ & $\gg$ & \verb+\gg+ &
$\supset$ & \verb+\supset+ \\

$\supseteq$ & \verb+\supseteq+ & $\sqsupset$ & \verb+\sqsupset+ &
$\sqsupseteq$ & \verb+\sqsupseteq+ & $\ni$ & \verb+\ni+ &
$\dashv$ & \verb+\dashv+ \\

$\equiv$ & \verb+\equiv+ & $\sim$ & \verb+\sim+ &
$\simeq$ & \verb+\simeq+ & $\asymp$ & \verb+\asymp+ &
$\approx$ & \verb+\approx+ \\

$\cong$ & \verb+\cong+ & $\neq$ & \verb+\neq+ &
$\doteq$ & \verb+\doteq+ & $\propto$ & \verb+\propto+ &
$\models$ & \verb+\models+ \\

$\perp$ & \verb+\perp+ & $\mid$ & \verb+\mid+ &
$\parallel$ & \verb+\parallel+ & $\bowtie$ & \verb+\bowtie+ &
$\Join$ & \verb+\Join+ \\

$\smile$ & \verb+\smile+ & $\frown$ & \verb+\frown+
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Relations}\label{fig:relations}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[hptb]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclcl}
%% Arrow Symbols (3.6, p45)
$\leftarrow$ & \verb+\leftarrow+ &
$\Leftarrow$ & \verb+\Leftarrow+ &
$\rightarrow$ & \verb+\rightarrow+ \\

$\Rightarrow$ & \verb+\Rightarrow+ &
$\leftrightarrow$ & \verb+\leftrightarrow+ &
$\Leftrightarrow$ & \verb+\Leftrightarrow+ \\

$\mapsto$ & \verb+\mapsto+ &
$\hookleftarrow$ & \verb+\hookleftarrow+ &
$\leftharpoonup$ & \verb+\leftharpoonup+ \\

$\leftharpoondown$ & \verb+\leftharpoondown+ &
$\rightleftharpoons$ & \verb+\rightleftharpoons+ &
$\longleftarrow$ & \verb+\longleftarrow+ \\

$\Longleftarrow$ & \verb+\Longleftarrow+ &
$\longrightarrow$ & \verb+\longrightarrow+ &
$\Longrightarrow$ & \verb+\Longrightarrow+ \\

$\longleftrightarrow$ & \verb+\longleftrightarrow+ &
$\Longleftrightarrow$ & \verb+\Longleftrightarrow+ &
$\longmapsto$ & \verb+\longmapsto+ \\

$\hookrightarrow$ & \verb+\hookrightarrow+ &
$\rightharpoonup$ & \verb+\rightharpoonup+ &
$\rightharpoondown$ & \verb+\rightharpoondown+ \\

$\leadsto$ & \verb+\leadsto+ &
$\uparrow$ & \verb+\uparrow+ &
$\Uparrow$ & \verb+\Uparrow+ \\

$\downarrow$ & \verb+\downarrow+ &
$\Downarrow$ & \verb+\Downarrow+ &
$\updownarrow$ & \verb+\updownarrow+ \\

$\Updownarrow$ & \verb+\Updownarrow+ &
$\nearrow$ & \verb+\nearrow+ &
$\searrow$ & \verb+\searrow+ \\

$\swarrow$ & \verb+\swarrow+ &
$\nwarrow$ & \verb+\nwarrow+
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Arrows}\label{fig:arrows}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[hptb]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclclcl}
%% Miscellaneous Symbols (3.7, p45)
$\aleph$ & \verb+\aleph  + & $\hbar$ & \verb+\hbar   + &
$\imath$ & \verb+\imath  + & $\jmath$ & \verb+\jmath  + &
$\ell$ & \verb+\ell    + \\

$\wp$ & \verb+\wp+ & $\Re$ & \verb+\Re+ &
$\Im$ & \verb+\Im+ & $\mho$ & \verb+\mho+ &
$\prime$ & \verb+\prime+ \\

$\emptyset$ & \verb+\emptyset+ & $\nabla$ & \verb+\nabla+ &
$\surd$ & \verb+\surd+ & $\top$ & \verb+\top+ &
$\bot$ & \verb+\bot+ \\

$\|$ & \verb+\|+ & $\angle$ & \verb+\angle+ &
$\forall$ & \verb+\forall+ & $\exists$ & \verb+\exists+ &
$\neg$ & \verb+\neg+ \\

$\flat$ & \verb+\flat+ & $\natural$ & \verb+\natural+ &
$\sharp$ & \verb+\sharp+ & $\backslash$ & \verb+\backslash+ &
$\partial$ & \verb+\partial+ \\

$\infty$ & \verb+\infty+ & $\Box$ & \verb+\Box+ &
$\Diamond$ & \verb+\Diamond+ & $\triangle$ & \verb+\triangle+ &
$\clubsuit$ & \verb+\clubsuit+ \\

$\diamondsuit$ & \verb+\diamondsuit+ & $\heartsuit$ & \verb+\heartsuit+ &
$\spadesuit$ & \verb+\spadesuit+
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Miscellaneous Symbols}\label{fig:miscs}
\end{figure}

Of course, not all expressions are polynomials.  \LaTeX{} uses two
special cases, \verb+\sqrt+ and \verb+\frac+ to create square roots
(radical sign surrounding the entire expression) and fractions (one
expression over another with a dividing bar between them)
respectively.  The Lorentz transformation, $ \sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}}
$, is expressed as \verb|$ \sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}} $| in line.  To
display it, you might want to use \[ \sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}} \]
instead, generated with \verb|\[ \sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}} \]|.

{\samepage

If the equation is more interesting, or if you want to refer to it
later on, you might want to assign it a number by using the
\verb+equation+ environment.  The quadratic formula
\begin{equation}
x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}
\end{equation}
\noindent is displayed by
\begin{verbatim}
\begin{equation}
x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}
\end{equation}
\end{verbatim}
}
You can supply an optional argument to \verb+\sqrt+, specifying a
different root than 2.  For example, the fourth root,
$\sqrt[4]{1024}$, is expressed as \verb+\sqrt[4]{1024}+.


Often in a mathematical equation you will want to use symbols instead
of the standard italicized letters for variable names.  You can add
Greek letters by typing the command associated with the particular
letter---see Figures~\ref{fig:greek} and~\ref{fig:Greek}.  
\begin{figure}[hptb]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclclcl}
%% Greek - 3.3, p43. Note:  these are only available in math mode
%% lowercase
$\alpha$ & \verb+\alpha  + & $\beta$ & \verb+\beta   + &
$\gamma$ & \verb+\gamma  + & $\delta$ & \verb+\delta  + &
$\epsilon$ & \verb+\epsilon+ \\

$\varepsilon$ & \verb+\varepsilon+ & $\zeta$ & \verb+\zeta+ &
$\eta$ & \verb+\eta+ & $\theta$ & \verb+\theta+ &
$\vartheta$ & \verb+\vartheta+ \\

$\iota$ & \verb+\iota+ & $\kappa$ & \verb+\kappa+ &
$\lambda$ & \verb+\lambda+ & $\mu$ & \verb+\mu+ &
$\nu$ & \verb+\nu+ \\

$\xi$ & \verb+\xi+ & $o$ & \verb+o+ &
%%note omicron is just o
$\pi$ & \verb+\pi+ & $\varpi$ & \verb+\varpi+ &
$\rho$ & \verb+\rho+ \\

$\varrho$ & \verb+\varrho+ & $\sigma$ & \verb+\sigma+ &
$\varsigma$ & \verb+\varsigma+ & $\tau$ & \verb+\tau+ &
$\upsilon$ & \verb+\upsilon+ \\

$\phi$ & \verb+\phi+ & $\varphi$ & \verb+\varphi+ &
$\chi$ & \verb+\chi+ & $\psi$ & \verb+\psi+ &
$\omega$ & \verb+\omega+
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Lowercase Greek}\label{fig:greek}
\end{figure}


\begin{figure}[hptb]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclclcl}
%% uppercase
$\Gamma$ & \verb+\Gamma  + & $\Delta$ & \verb+\Delta  + &
$\Theta$ & \verb+\Theta  + & $\Lambda$ & \verb+\Lambda + &
$\Xi$ & \verb+\Xi     + \\

$\Pi$ & \verb+\Pi+ & $\Sigma$ & \verb+\Sigma+ &
$\Upsilon$ & \verb+\Upsilon+ & $\Phi$ & \verb+\Phi+ &
$\Psi$ & \verb+\Psi+ \\

$\Omega$ & \verb+\Omega+
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Uppercase Greek}\label{fig:Greek}
\end{figure}

Note that if you want to use Greek letters in normal text mode, you
must place them in a math environment by surrounding them with
\verb+$+\ldots\verb+$+.  You can also create function names with the
$\cal CALLIGRAPHY$ font.  This is treated like any type style change
such as \verb+\bf+, but like the Greek letters, you can use it only in
math mode.  In addition, you only have the 26 upper-case letters
available (see Figure~\ref{fig:callig}).

\begin{figure}[hptb]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclclcl}
%% Calligraphic letters A-Z upper only
${\cal A}$ & \verb+{\cal A}  + & ${\cal B}$ & \verb+{\cal B}  + &
${\cal C}$ & \verb+{\cal C}  + & ${\cal D}$ & \verb+{\cal D}  + &
${\cal E}$ & \verb+{\cal E}+ \\

${\cal F}$ & \verb+{\cal F}+ & ${\cal G}$ & \verb+{\cal G}+ &
${\cal H}$ & \verb+{\cal H}+ & ${\cal I}$ & \verb+{\cal I}+ &
${\cal J}$ & \verb+{\cal J}+ \\

${\cal K}$ & \verb+{\cal K}+ & ${\cal L}$ & \verb+{\cal L}+ &
${\cal M}$ & \verb+{\cal M}+ & ${\cal N}$ & \verb+{\cal N}+ &
${\cal O}$ & \verb+{\cal O}+ \\

${\cal P}$ & \verb+{\cal P}+ & ${\cal Q}$ & \verb+{\cal Q}+ &
${\cal R}$ & \verb+{\cal R}+ & ${\cal S}$ & \verb+{\cal S}+ &
${\cal T}$ & \verb+{\cal T}+ \\

${\cal U}$ & \verb+{\cal U}+ & ${\cal V}$ & \verb+{\cal V}+ &
${\cal W}$ & \verb+{\cal W}+ & ${\cal X}$ & \verb+{\cal X}+ &
${\cal Y}$ & \verb+{\cal Y}+ \\

${\cal Z}$ & \verb+{\cal Z}+
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Calligraphic Symbols}\label{fig:callig}
\end{figure}


Sometimes, a formula contains text that should be set in roman type.
For example, in the formula ``$\log xy = \log x + \log y$,'' the word
``log'' is not italicized like the variables $x$ and $y$.  It would be
inconvenient to have to exit math mode to type the text in normal roman
type, so the most common function names are defined as special
commands.  A formula such as $\cos^2 x + \sin^2 x = 1$ would be
entered as \verb|$\cos^2 x + \sin^2 x = 1$|.  See
Figure~\ref{fig:loglike} for a list of all the special commands which
are typeset like this.

The modulo function is slightly different from the other special
commands---it has two forms, a binary and a parenthesized one.  See
Figure~\ref{fig:mods} for an example of their usage.  There are also various
types of brackets and other delimiters available in math mode, as shown in
figure~\ref{fig:delims}.  Certain accents and other diacritical marks are 
available in math mode.  Some of these {\em math mode accents\/} are only
available in math mode, while others are modified to work better in
math mode.
See Figure~\ref{fig:mathacc} for examples.
\nopagebreak
\begin{figure}[hpbt]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{llllllll}
%% Log-like Functions (3.9, p46) which force back to roman type.
\verb+\arccos + & \verb+\cos    + & \verb+\csc    + &
\verb+\exp    + & \verb+\ker    + & \verb+\limsup + &
\verb+\min    + & \verb+\sinh   + \\

\verb+\arcsin+ & \verb+\cosh+ & \verb+\deg+ & \verb+\gcd+ &
\verb+\lg+ & \verb+\ln+ & \verb+\Pr+ & \verb+\sup+ \\

\verb+\arctan+ & \verb+\cot+ & \verb+\det+ & \verb+\hom+ &
\verb+\lim+ & \verb+\log+ & \verb+\sec+ & \verb+\tan+ \\

\verb+\arg+ & \verb+\coth+ & \verb+\dim+ & \verb+\inf+ & 
\verb+\liminf+ & \verb+\max+ & \verb+\sin+ & \verb+\tanh+
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Log-like symbols}\label{fig:loglike}
\end{figure}
\nopagebreak

\begin{figure}[hpbt]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{cc}
%% and specials
$a \bmod b$	&	\verb+a \bmod b+ \\
$\pmod{a+b}$	&	\verb-\pmod{a+b}- \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Modulus functions}\label{fig:mods}
\end{figure}
\nopagebreak

\begin{figure}[hpbt]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclcl}
%% Delimiters (3.10, p48) (use \left, \right)
$($ & \verb+(         + & $)$ & \verb+)         + &
$[$ & \verb+[         + & $]$ & \verb+]         + \\

$\{$ & \verb+\{+ & $\}$ & \verb+\}+ &
$\lfloor$ & \verb+\lfloor+ & $\rfloor$ & \verb+\rfloor+ \\

$\lceil$ & \verb+\lceil+ & $\rceil$ & \verb+\rceil+ &
$\langle$ & \verb+\langle+ & $\rangle$ & \verb+\rangle+ \\

$/$ & \verb+/+ & $\backslash$ & \verb+\backslash+ &
$|$ & \verb+|+ & $\|$ & \verb+\|+
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Delimiters}\label{fig:delims}
\end{figure}
\nopagebreak

\begin{figure}[hpbt]
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{clclclclcl}
%% Math Mode accents (3.11, p51)
$\hat{a}$ & \verb+\hat{a}+ & $\check{a}$ & \verb+\check{a}+ &
$\breve{a}$ & \verb+\breve{a}+ & $\acute{a}$ & \verb+\acute{a}+ &
$\grave{a}$ & \verb+\grave{a}+ \\

$\tilde{a}$ & \verb+\tilde{a}+ & $\bar{a}$ & \verb+\bar{a}+ &
$\vec{a}$ & \verb+\vec{a}+ & $\dot{a}$ & \verb+\dot{a}+ &
$\ddot{a}$ & \verb+\ddot{a}+
\end{tabular}
\end{center}
\caption{Math-mode accents}\label{fig:mathacc}
\end{figure}
\nopagebreak

%%%% {\bf theorem,  bar,line,brace,  array, eqnarray,  label,ref
%%%%  left, right}
\clearpage
%\pagebreak
{\samepage
\section{Pretty Pictures}
\nopagebreak
\subsection{\LaTeX{} {\tt picture} Environment}
\nopagebreak

You can create pictures within \LaTeX{} using a limited set of picture
symbols.  These include \verb+vector+, \verb+line+, \verb+oval+, and
others.  They are fairly difficult to use, and you have to set them up
by hand.  For more information you should refer to the \LaTeX{} manual.
\nopagebreak

This picture:
\fbox{\begin{picture}(80,100)(0,0)
\put(60,77){\vector(1,0){7}}
\put(60,85){$\theta^+$}
\put(60,40){\line(1,5){10}}
\put(60,40){\line(0,1){50}}
\put(60,40){\oval(40,40)[l]}
\put(60,20){\line(0,1){40}}
\put(0,40){\vector(1,0){40}}
\put(0,43){flow}
\end{picture}}
was made with the following \LaTeX{} code.
\nopagebreak

\begin{verbatim}
\begin{picture}(80,80)(0,0)
\put(60,77){\vector(1,0){7}}
\put(60,85){$\theta^+$}
\put(60,40){\line(1,5){10}}
\put(60,40){\line(0,1){50}}
\put(60,40){\oval(40,40)[l]}
\put(60,20){\line(0,1){40}}
\put(0,40){\vector(1,0){40}}
\put(0,43){flow}
\end{picture}
\end{verbatim}
}
\nopagebreak
\subsection{Including \PS{} Files}
In general you are better off using a drawing program designed for the
device you will be printing on, and then using the \verb+\special+
command (or the \verb+\PSbox+ macro below)  to include a file.\footnote{The program {\em idraw},
provided by the \SIPB, will allow you to draw pictures and save them
as \PS{} files.  See the \SIPB\ document {\em An Inessential Guide to
Athena\/} for more information.}  

If you are using a program which generates ``Encapsulated'' \PS{}
Files, you can simply use the \verb+epsf+ documentstyle, and then say
\begin{verbatim}
\epsfbox{filename.ps}
\end{verbatim}
at the place where you want the figure.  This automatically reserves
space for the \PS{} picture based on the size stored in it.  See
the \verb+dvips+ man page for more detail.

To include a non-Encapsulated \PS{} file (ie. one written by hand
or by certain drawing programs):

\begin{enumerate} 
\item  Include the following line before the \verb+\begin{document}+.
Most of the magic is needed so that LaTeX knows how big the document is,
so that it can reserve space for the \PS{} figure for proper
placement and spacing.

\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
%\newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\mbox{\rule{0in}{#3}\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}}}
\newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\mbox{\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}\rule{0pt}{#3}}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}

\item  If possible, generate the \PS{} file such that the picture is
flush against the bottom-left corner.  (For example, if idraw is
being used, group the entire picture and move it to the
bottom-left corner of the page.  If it is a raw \PS{} file,
add an appropriate translate command, if you know how.)  When you do
this, the left most $\frac{1}{4}$ inch of the picture may not be
printed, since although (0,0) is at the lower-left hand corner of the
page, on some printers the left most $\frac{1}{4}$ inch part of the
page isn't part of the image area.  Don't worry about it - the missing
part should be visible when \LaTeX{} moves it back onto the page.

\item Print out the \PS{} file.  There are two reasons for doing
this.  The first is to make sure that there aren't any errors in the
\PS{}.  The second reason is to get the dimensions of the picture
and where it is located on the page.  Measure the height and the width
of the picture.  Also, if the picture is not located in the
lower-left-hand corner, measure the (x,y) distance from the
lower-left-hand corner of the page to lower-left-hand corner of the
graphic in inches.

\item To do the actual inclusion, do step (a) if the image is in the
lower left corner of the page.  Otherwise do step (b).

	\begin{enumerate}
\item  If the \PS{} file has the image in the lower-left-hand corner
of the page, it's really easy.  At the point where you want the picture
to be included, just use the following command:

\begin{verbatim}
\PSbox{/mit/username/filename.PS}{1.7in}{0.25in}
\end{verbatim}

Where the first argument is the filename of the \PS{} file, the
second is the width of the graphic, and the third argument is the height
of the graphic.  The dimensions can be specified in any format that
LaTeX accepts.  So, for example, a dimension such as ``4cm'' will also
work.

This ``PSbox'' can be included in a figure, or anything else you want!

\item  If you were unfortunate enough as to be unable to get the graphic
in the lower-left-hand corner, you will need to do a bit more work.
Take the distance from the left-hand side of the page (which you
measured in inches, right?) and multiply by -72.  Call this number the
``hoffset''.  Take the distance form the bottom of the page to the
bottom of the graphic (also measured inches), multiply it by -72, and
call it the ``voffset''.  Then the PSbox command should be modified to
be:
{\small \verb+\PSbox{/mit/username/filename hoffset=+hoffset\verb+voffset=+voffset\verb+}+\verb+{+width\verb+}{+length\verb+}+}

For example, to include a file which is 4 inches high and 5 inches wide,
which is located 3 inches from the bottom of the page and 2 inches from
the left side of the page, the PSbox would be:

\begin{verbatim}
\PSbox{/mit/username/filename.PS hoffset=-144 voffset=-216}{5in}{4in}
\end{verbatim}

	\end{enumerate}
\end{enumerate}

NOTE:  xdvi cannot show included \PS{} figures; instead, it leaves a
blank space of the correct size.  Xdvi will also print a warning that says
`xdvi: special ``filename'' not implemented' every time you preview a page
with a \PS{} figure on it.  This is nothing to worry about --- it's just
reminding you that it can't preview the \PS{} figure --- it should still
print out without any problems.

If you want to see where the \PS{} picture will appear, you can
change the \verb+\mbox+ in the definition of \verb+\PSbox+ to
\verb+\framebox+.  In other words, you'd change the line

\begin{verbatim}
%\newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\mbox{\rule{0in}{#3}\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}}}
\newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\mbox{\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}\rule{0pt}{#3}}}
\end{verbatim}

in your document to be:
\begin{small}
\begin{verbatim}
%\newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\framebox{\rule{0in}{#3}\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}}}
\newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\fbox{\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}\rule{0pt}{#3}}}
\end{verbatim}
\end{small}
Assuming that you have specified the arguments to \verb+\PSbox+ correctly, this
will result in a box being drawn around the area where the \PS{}
image will appear.  However, when you print your \LaTeX{} document, the box
will appear on the printed output as well.  You will need to change the
\verb+\fbox+ back to \verb+\mbox+ and run \LaTeX{} again on your file
to make the box go away when you want to print your final copy.

\subsubsection{Other Tricks}
You can also shrink and scale your \PS{} figures.  For example, if
you wanted to include your figure shrunk by half in each direction, you
would use:

\begin{verbatim}
 \PSbox{/mit/username/filename.PS hscale=50 vscale=50}{1in}{1in}
\end{verbatim}

\noindent (with the dimensions being the size of the figure once it
has been scaled to half size in each direction).  Note that it's
possible to shrink your figure in one direction and not the other; in
most cases, though, you want to scale it equally both horizontally and
vertically. The scale factors are percentages, which is why the
example uses 50 for one half.


\def\PICTEX{Pic\TeX{}}
\subsection{\PICTEX}

\PICTEX, a complicated drawing system, is also available.  Contact
the \SIPB\footnote{The \SIPB\ is at 253-7788, or stop by our office in
W20-557} for more details.

\section{Setting Page Layout Parameters}

\LaTeX{} uses many parameters to layout a page.  These parameters set
the distance between the main text and margin notes, headers, and
footers, among other things.  To change the value of one of these
parameters, you can use the \verb+\addtolength+ commands described in
subsection~\ref{sec:margins}.  Figure~\ref{fig:layout} shows the
layout for a printed page reduced to 65\% of full size.

\input{layout-truncated}

\section{Similarities between \SCRIBE\ and \LaTeX{}}
Many \SCRIBE\ and \LaTeX{} commands are quite similar.  If you are
unfamiliar with \SCRIBE, don't bother to learn about it; this section
is intended to help those who already have \SCRIBE\ experience.

\begin{tt}
\begin{tabular}{ll}
{\bf{\SCRIBE}} & {\bf{\LaTeX{}}} \\
@make(article) & \verb+\documentstyle{article}+ \\
@make(report) & \verb+\documentstyle{report}+ \\
@style(size=11) & \verb+\documentstyle[11pt]{article}+ \\
@style(font {\it fontname}) & \verb+\documentstyle[+{\it fontabbrev}\verb+]{article}+ \\
\ NewCenturySchoolBook & \verb+ ncs+ \\
% \ Palatino & \verb+ palatino+ \\
\ TimesRoman & \verb+ times+ \\
@begin(mode) & \verb+\begin{mode}+ \\
@end(mode) & \verb+\end{mode}+ \\
@i(italics) & \verb+{\em italics}+ \\
@verbatim(xyz) & \verb_\verb+xyz+_ \\
@section(scribe) & \verb_\section{LaTeX}_ \\
\end{tabular}
\end{tt}


\section{Where to Get More Information}

The {\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference Manual\/} is a very
well-written book which goes into much more detail than we have
attempted here, for those who wish to delve deeper into the
intricacies of \LaTeX{}.  It is highly recommended, and not very
expensive, at least as far as reference books go.  Since Athena now
officially supports \LaTeX{}, you can ask questions about it using
\verb+olc+, and look through the OLC Stock Answers for the answers to
other commonly asked questions.

You can also come by the \SIPB\ office (in W20-557, just outside the
Student Center cluster), or call us on the phone (253-7788),
particularly if you have a more obscure or complicated question.  As a
last resort, {\em The~\TeX book\/} describes the \TeX{} typesetting
system, which forms the basis for \LaTeX{}.  It is significantly harder
to understand than the \LaTeX{} manual.


\section{Acknowledgments}

The original version of this document was written by Mark Eichin to
give people a handy reference to the many symbols that \LaTeX{}\
supports, especially the math mode symbols.  Most of his text and all
of his tables were included into the guide that you are holding now.

The rest of the first edition of the guide was written and edited by
Nancy Gilman, David Jedlinsky and Mary Vogt, with lots of comments
(flamage) from \SIPB\ members and other people who experimented with
the early versions of the guide.  Robert French perfected this
document to produce Revision 1.

Later, Chee Chew, added more revisions (with more input/flamage from
\SIPB\ members) to produce Revision 2.

Revision 3 (which you are now reading) was revised (by Mark Eichin) to
cover the replacement of \verb+dvi2ps+ by the superior \verb+dvips+,
to acknowledge Athena's support of \LaTeX{}, and to include further
\SIPB\ member comments.

Thanks to John Kohl and Jean Marie Diaz for getting most of the
original \TeX{} and \LaTeX{} system running on Athena in the first
place; without their efforts, this guide would be useless.

And, of course, thanks to Don Knuth, the author of \TeX{}, and Leslie
Lamport, the author of \LaTeX{};  they have done an incredible job.

\end{document}