\documentstyle{article}
\input musicpre.tex
\input musicnft.tex
\input musictex.tex
\input musicvbm.tex
\input musicpos.tex
\parskip 1ex
\parindent 0em
\oddsidemargin -10mm \evensidemargin -10mm
\marginparwidth 40pt \marginparsep 5mm
\topmargin -10mm
%\headheight 0pt
%\footheight 0pt
\textheight 9in
\textwidth 7in
\newcommand{\abc}{{\tt abc}}
\newcommand{\abctmtex}{{\bf ABC2M\TeX}}

\begin{document}
\title{{\huge \abctmtex} \\
{\Large An easy way of transcribing folk and traditional music} \\
{\it Version 1.1 -- January '94}}
\author{\Large Chris Walshaw \\
{\it School of Maths,} \\
{\it University of Greenwich,} \\
{\it London, G.B.} \\
email: {\tt C.Walshaw@gre.ac.uk}
}
\normalsize
\date{}

\maketitle
\newpage

\tableofcontents
\newpage

\section{Introduction}

Welcome to \abctmtex !

This is a package designed to notate tunes stored in an ascii format
or \abc\ notation. It was designed primarily for folk and
traditional tunes of Western European origin (such as Irish, English and
Scottish) which can be written on one stave in standard classical notation.
However, it should be extendible to many other types of music.

The package is small (about 60 KByte), easy to use and features, amongst other
things, the ability to transpose both the music and the \abc\ notation. It will
also create an index of all the tunes you have transcribed.

The ability to write tunes in \abc\ notation means that they can be
easily and portably stored or transported electronically. This package allows
you to typeset them easily too. In addition the notation is not specifically
tied to Music\TeX\ and so similar packages could be written to translate
to your favourite typesetting program.

This package has, however, been written on top of Music\TeX , Daniel Taupin's
music typesetting package, itself written on top of \TeX , Donald Knuth's
typesetting package. To run it you will need \TeX , Music\TeX\ (available by
ftp from a number of sources), a C compiler and access to a postscript printer.

To get a copy of the package send an email request to
{\tt C.Walshaw@gre.ac.uk} .
Also mail me here with any comments or suggestions for future versions

\subsection{\abctmtex : what you get}

The following files come in the package:--

\begin{itemize}
\item[] {\it Makefile} -- a makefile!
\item[] {\it abc2mtex.c} -- C code which converts the \abc\ notation into
Music\TeX . This code is fairly fragile and care should be taken if changes
are made to it.
\item[] {\it output.c} -- C code which formats the information fields
for each tune (see section~\ref{sec:info}).
This code is fairly robust and can be changed without too much difficulty.
\item[] {\it userguide.tex} -- this document in La\TeX\ format.
\item[] {\it header.tex} -- a header file for the Music\TeX\ output.
\item[] {\it zHp-begin.tex}, {\it zHp-end.tex} -- local macros for K:Hp.
\item[] {\it zmacros.tex} -- local macros built on top of the Music\TeX\ macros.
\item[] {\it XE}, {\it XIJ}, {\it XIR} \& {\it XSSs} -- example tune files.
\item[] {\it Changes} -- a list of changes between this version and version 1.0.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Music\TeX : what you will need}

You will need the macro packages {\it musictex.tex}, {\it musicnft.tex},
{\it musictrp.tex} and {\it musicvbm.tex} together with the {\it *.tfm} files
and {\it *.pk} files. You will also need the macro packages {\it musicpre.tex}
and {\it musicpos.tex} although only to run La\TeX\ on this document. Note
that it only seems to work if the {\it *.pk} files are changed to {\it *.300pk}
files. The version of Music\TeX\ that I have is 4.98 from the file
{\it musictex-498.tar.Z} available at various ftp sites.

To set this up with \TeX version 3.14 or 3.141 you should set the following
environment variables:--
\begin{verbatim}
setenv TEXFONTS  $TEXFONTS\:<tfm_directory>
setenv TEXINPUTS $TEXINPUTS\:<macro_directory>
setenv TEXPKS    $TEXPKS\:<pk_directory>
setenv XDVIFONTS $XDVIFONTS\:<pk_directory>
\end{verbatim}
where {\tt <macro\_directory>} is the pathname of the directory the
macros are stored in, etc. For older versions of \TeX , such as 2.93 this
is a much messier procedure.

If you have problems setting up Music\TeX\ or modifying it for your own use,
don't mail me -- I'm no expert. Instead there is a mailing list which you can
subscribe to by sending an email to {\tt mutex-request@stolaf.edu} .

\subsection{Acknowledgements}

I would like to thank John Walsh for all
his advice and suggestions when putting this package
together, Don Ward for his helpful discussions and Steve Allen
for finding all the bugs.

\section{Tune Files}

The music can either be stored one tune per file with a name that 
reflects the contents, e.g. the tune `Paddy O'Rafferty' in the file
{\it Paddy\_ORafferty}, or grouped together in files according to some common
theme, e.g. {\it XIR} contains Irish reels and {\it XE} has English tunes of
all types. If the tunes are grouped then an index is useful and indeed
is provided here (see section~\ref{sec:index}). However to use this indexing
facility you must use the following naming convention for the files. The first
letter should be {\it X}, the second should be the
origin of the tunes ({\it I} -- Irish, {\it E} -- English, {\it S} -- Scottish, etc.) and the third \& fourth (optional) the type of tune ({\it R} -- Reel,
{\it J} -- Jig, {\it SJ} -- Slip Jig, {\it Ss} -- Strathspey, etc.). Each file
is then structured as follows:

\begin{verbatim}
M:6/8

X:1
T:First tune name, The
      :
    optional information fields
      :
K:D
ABC DEF|abc def| ...

X:2
T:Second tune name, The
      :
    optional information fields
      :
K:D
ABC DEF|abc def| ...

 :
\end{verbatim}

Each file should start with a default meter (e.g. {\tt M:6/8} for jigs) and is
followed by the tunes separated from each other by a blank line. Each tune
should start with an {\tt X} (reference number) field followed by a {\tt T}
(title) field followed by optional fields (see below). The last field should
be a {\tt K} field and then the \abc\ notation should follow immediately
after.

If, on the other hand, you choose to store tunes one per file then you need
the {\tt M}, {\tt X} \& {\tt T} fields (in that order), followed by the
optional fields, followed by the {\tt K} field followed by the \abc\ notation.
No indexing is provided as a simple {\tt ls} command should reveal all.

\subsection{Information fields} \label{sec:info}

The following information fields can be used:--
\begin{itemize}
\item[{\tt X}] -- tune reference number.
\item[{\tt T}] -- tune title. Some tunes have more than one title and so this
field can be used more than once per tune -- the first time will generate the
title whilst subsequent usage will generate the alternatives in small print.
For the purposes of indexing definite \& indefinite articles should be placed
at the end after a comma -- e.g. `The Tenpenny Bit' should be entered as
{\tt T:Tenpenny Bit, The}, although this will appear as `The Tenpenny Bit'
on the printed music sheet. The normal \TeX\ accents (such as in \verb+caf\'e+
for producing caf\'e or in \verb+makazi\u ce+ for producing makazi\u ce) can
be used but will be stripped out of the index.
\item[{\tt C}] -- composer (optional). Most of my tunes have {\tt C:Trad}.
\item[{\tt S}] -- source, i.e. where the tune came from (optional).
\item[{\tt N}] -- notes, i.e. anything else of interest (optional).
\item[{\tt M}] -- meter, i.e. {\tt M:4/4}, {\tt M:6/8}, \ldots (optional --
default meter given on the first line of the tune file). In addition
{\tt M:C} or \verb+M:C|+ give common time and cut time respectively.
This field can be also used in the middle of a tune for changing meter
(see section~\ref{sec:meter}).
\item[{\tt P}] -- parts (optional). This field can be used in the
header to state the order in which the tune parts are played, i.e.
{\tt P:ABABCDCD}, and then inside the tune to mark each part, i.e.
{\tt P:A} or {\tt P:[B]}.
\item[{\tt O}] -- origin (1 letter), e.g. {\tt O:I} -- Irish, {\tt O:E} --
English, {\tt O:S} -- Scottish, \ldots
(optional - default generated by the 2nd letter of the tune file name).
\item[{\tt R}] -- tune type (1 or 2 letters), e.g. {\tt R:R} -- reel, {\tt R:J}
-- jig, {\tt R:SJ} -- slip jig, \ldots
(optional - default generated by the 3rd \& 4th letters of the tune file name).
\item[{\tt Z}] -- transcription notes (optional). This field generates a message
when \TeX\ is running but no other output.
\item[{\tt E}] -- elemskip (optional). This changes the internote spacing, see
section~\ref{sec:lmsk}.
\item[{\tt K}] -- key, e.g. {\tt K:D}, {\tt K:G}, {\tt K:Am}, \ldots This field
signals the start of the tune and so must be the last field used. It can,
however, also be used in the middle of a tune for changing key
(see section~\ref{sec:key}).
Mixolydian and dorian modes can also be specified with, for
example {\tt K:AMix} or {\tt K:EDor} and in addition, there are two
keys specifically for notating highland pipe tunes. {\tt K:HP}
doesn't put a key signature on the music, as is common with many
tune books of this music, while {\tt K:Hp} marks the stave with
F$\sharp$, C$\sharp$ and G$\natural$. Both force all the beams and
staffs to go downwards.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{\abc\ tune notation}

\subsubsection{Notes}

The following letters are used to represent notes:--

\begin{music}
\def\freqbarno{99}
\def\nbinstruments{1}\relax
\generalsignature{0}\relax
\generalmeter{\meterfrac{}{}}\relax
\debutextrait
\normal\elemskip=15pt
\notes
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt G,}\qu{N}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt A,}\qu{a}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt B,}\qu{b}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt C}\qu{c}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt D}\qu{d}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt E}\qu{e}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt F}\qu{f}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt G}\qu{g}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt A}\qu{h}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt B}\qu{i}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt c}\ql{j}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt d}\ql{k}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt e}\ql{l}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt f}\ql{m}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt g}\ql{n}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt a}\ql{o}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt b}\ql{p}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt c'}\ql{q}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt d'}\ql{r}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt e'}\ql{s}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt f'}\ql{t}
\zcharnote{-9}{\tt g'}\ql{u}
\enotes
\finextrait
\end{music}

They can be modified in length -- see section~\ref{sec:lngth}.

\subsubsection{Rests}

Rests are generated with a {\tt z} and can be modified in length in
exactly the same way as notes can (see below).

\subsubsection{Note lengths} \label{sec:lngth}

Each meter has a default note length and a single letter in the range {\tt A-G}, {\tt a-g}
will generate a note of this length. For example, in 3/4 the default note length
is a quaver and so {\tt abc} represents 3 quavers. The following meters are supplied (the `s' and `l' modifiers
respectively double or half the default note lengths):--

\begin{centering}

\vspace{1ex}
\begin{tabular}{l|c|c}
Meter & Default Note Length & Maximum Notes Per Beam \\ \hline
{\tt 2/4}  & semi-quaver & 4 \\
{\tt 2/4s} & quaver      & 2 \\
{\tt 3/2}  & crotchet    & 1 \\
{\tt 3/2l} & quaver      & 3 \\
{\tt 3/4s} & crotchet    & 1 \\
{\tt 3/4}  & quaver      & 3 \\
{\tt 3/4l} & semi-quaver & 6 \\
{\tt 3/8s} & quaver      & 3 \\
{\tt 3/8}  & semi-quaver & 6 \\
{\tt 4/4s}, {\tt Cs}, \verb+C|s+ & crotchet    & 1 \\
{\tt 4/4},  {\tt C},  \verb+C|+  & quaver      & 4 \\
{\tt 4/4l}, {\tt Cl}, \verb+C|l+ & semi-quaver & 4 \\
{\tt 5/4}  & semi-quaver & 4 \\
{\tt 6/8}  & quaver      & 3 \\
{\tt 6/8l} & semi-quaver & 6 \\
{\tt 7/4}  & quaver      & 4 \\
{\tt 9/8}  & quaver      & 3 \\
{\tt 9/8l} & semi-quaver & 6 \\
{\tt 12/8l} & semi-quaver & 6 \\
\end{tabular}

\end{centering}

Other notes can then be obtained by simply putting a multiplier after the
letter. Thus in 2/4, {\tt A} or {\tt A1} is a semi-quaver, {\tt A2} a quaver, {\tt A3} a dotted quaver,
{\tt A4} a crotchet, {\tt A6} a dotted crotchet, {\tt A8} a half note, {\tt A12} a dotted half note, and so on, whilst in 3/4
{\tt A} is a quaver, {\tt A2} a crotchet, {\tt A3} a dotted crotchet, {\tt A4} a half note, \ldots

\subsubsection{Beams}

To group notes together under one beam they should be grouped together
without spaces in the tune file. Thus in 2/4 {\tt A2BC} will produce a
quaver followed by two semi-quavers under one beam, whilst {\tt A2 B C}
will produce the same notes separated. The beam slopes and the choice of
upper or lower staffs are generated automatically. Note that each meter
has a maximum number of notes that can be grouped under one beam
(specified in the above table). Thus in 6/8, where the maximum number is
3 quavers, {\tt abc def} will produce exactly the same output as
{\tt abcdef} -- two groups of 3 quavers.

\subsubsection{Repeat/bar symbols}

The symbols `\verb+|+', `\verb+||+', `\verb+:|+', `\verb+|:+' \& `\verb+::+'
are used to generate the following bars and repeats respectively:--

\begin{music}
\def\freqbarno{99}
\def\nbinstruments{1}\relax
\generalsignature{0}\relax
\generalmeter{\meterfrac{}{}}\relax
\debutextrait
\normal\elemskip=15pt
\barre
\doublebarre
\rightrepeat
\leftrepeat
\leftrightrepeat
\finextrait
\end{music}

\subsubsection{First \& Second Repeats} \label{sec:repeats}

First \& second repeats can be generated with the symbols {\tt [1}
\& {\tt [2}. These should come after the bar or repeat symbol,
i.e. {\tt faf gfe|[1 dfe dBA:|[2 dfe dcB||}.

\subsubsection{Accidentals} \label{sec:accdntls}

Just as in Music\TeX\ the symbols \verb+^+, \verb+=+ and \verb+_+
are used (before a note) to generate respectively a sharp, natural
or flat.

\subsubsection{Line Breaking} \label{sec:lines}

Generally one line of \abc\ notation will produce one line of music. If the
music is too long it will overflow onto the next line and you will have
to either change the internote spacing (see section~\ref{sec:lmsk}) or
the tune file. If, however, you wish to use two lines of input to generate
one line of music (see, for example, the `Untitled Reel' in {\it XIR}) then
simply put a \verb+\+ at the end of the first line. This is also useful
for changing meter or key in the middle of a line of music.

\subsubsection{Changing key mid-tune} \label{sec:key}

To change key simply put in a line with a key ({\tt K:}) field, e.g.
\begin{verbatim}
ed|cecA B2ed|cAcA E2ed|cecA B2ed|c2A2 A2:|
K:G
AB|cdec BcdB|ABAF GFE2|cdec BcdB|c2A2 A2:|
\end{verbatim}

To do this without generating a new line of music, put a \verb+\+ at the
end of the first line, i.e.
\begin{verbatim}
ed|cecA B2ed|cAcA E2ed|cecA B2ed|c2A2 A2:|\
K:G
AB|cdec BcdB|ABAF GFE2|cdec BcdB|c2A2 A2:|
\end{verbatim}

\subsubsection{Changing meter mid-tune} \label{sec:meter}

This is accomplished in exactly the same way as changing key, only with
a meter ({\tt M:}) field (see `Old Sir Simon the King' in {\it XE} for an
example of changing meter for a bar. If the change of meter is just
performed to alter the default note length (e.g. {\tt M:4/4} to
{\tt M:4/4l}) then the change in meter doesn't show up on the
printed page. Thus tunes which are mostly written with eighth
notes but which feature sixteenth notes in just on bar can be
written out easily.

\subsubsection{Ties} \label{sec:ties}

You can tie two notes together across a bar with a {\tt -} symbol
immediately before the bar, e.g. \verb+abc-|cba+.

\subsubsection{Triplets and Quadruplets} \label{sec:triplets}

These can be simply coded with the notation {\tt (3abc} for a triplet
or {\tt (4abcd} for a quadruplet. At the moment they don't have a
tie marker, just a {\tt 3} or {\tt 4} by the beam, but I'm working on
it.

\subsubsection{Gracings} \label{sec:grace}

With regard to gracings, I fall in the Irish music camp which says
that you transcribe gracings as little as possible and leave it up to
the players to make their own interpretation. Thus the only gracing
I tend to use is to put a tie/slur marker under a note which will
generally mean a roll, cran or stacatto triplet. This is achieved by
putting a \verb+~+ before the note.

However, to explicitly write out every grace note, just put them in
curly braces, {\tt \{\}}. For example, a taorluath on the Highland pipes
would be written {\tt \{GdGe\}}. The tune `Athol Brose' (number {\tt 2}
in the file {\it XSSs}) has an example of complex Highland pipe gracing
in all its glory.

\subsubsection{Staccato Notes}

Staccato marks (a small dot above or below the note head) can be generated
by a dot before the note, i.e. a staccato triplet is written as {\tt (3.a.b.c} .
Rolls and staccato markers cannot be combined on one note.

\subsubsection{Chords} \label{sec:chords}

By this I mean putting more than one note head per stem. This seems
to occur so rarely in traditional music tune books that I haven't made
any explicit provision for it. It is {\it possible} by using the
facility to directly input \TeX\ (see section~\ref{sec:tex})
and the Music\TeX\ macro \verb+\zh+. However, it is very messy and the
resulting \abc\ notation is not at all easy to read. See the tune
`Kitchen Girl' in the file {\it XIR} for an example.

\subsubsection{Order of Symbols}

The order of symbols for one note is {\tt <roll/staccato
marker><accidental><note><octave><note length>}, i.e. \verb+~^c'3+
or \verb+.=G,2+

\subsubsection{Internote spacings} \label{sec:lmsk}

The internote spacing is set by the Music\TeX\ command \verb+\elemskip+.
However this can be stored with the rest of the tune using the information
field {\tt E}. As the format is set up now, I use {\tt E:8} \& {\tt E:7}
to squeeze long tunes up a bit and {\tt E:10} and above to stretch short tunes.
Using {\tt E:6} really looks too cramped to my eye.

\subsubsection{\TeX\ Input} \label{sec:tex}

If there is a line beginning with a \verb+\+ inside a tune, it is put directly
into the output file ({\it music.tex}).

\subsection{Examples}

Examples are provided for most of the possibilities above. They can be found
in:--

\begin{centering}

\vspace{1ex}
\begin{tabular}{c|c|c}
Example & File \& Number & Relevant subsection \\ \hline
First \& Second Repeats & {\tt XIJ:1} & \ref{sec:repeats} \\
Line Breaking & {\tt XE:1} & \ref{sec:lines} \\
Changing key mid-tune & {\tt XIR:1} & \ref{sec:key} \\
Changing meter mid-tune & {\tt XE:2} & \ref{sec:meter} \\
Triplets and Quadruplets & {\tt XSSs:1} & \ref{sec:triplets} \\
Gracings & {\tt XSSs:2} & \ref{sec:grace} \\
Chords & {\tt XIR:2} & \ref{sec:chords} \\
Internote spacings & {\tt XSSs:2} & \ref{sec:lmsk} \\
\TeX\ Input & {\tt XIR:2} & \ref{sec:tex} \\
\end{tabular}

\end{centering}

\section{Running abc2mtex}

To make {\tt abc2mtex} first type {\tt make}. Then run it with the
command {\tt abc2mtex}. You will be prompted to choose a format by:--
\begin{verbatim}
select format:
        x - xbook
        m - music
        t - music (transposable)
        i - index
        n - notes
\end{verbatim}
The formats {\tt x}, {\tt m} and {\tt t} are essentially the same, all
producing Music\TeX\ output in the file {\it music.tex}. However, the {\tt x}
format produces tune numbering and the details in the {\tt S:} \& {\tt N:}
fields, while the {\tt t} format prompts to transpose every tune (see
section~\ref{sec:trans}). The {\tt i} format makes an index of all the {\it X}
tune files in the file {\it index}. The {\tt n} format does nothing at present;
at some stage it would be nice to have an index of \abc\ notation, so that if you
know a tune begins {\tt abc def} you can look up the title and the rest of the
tune. However, I haven't got round to this yet.

As an alternative to making this selection you can simply put your
chosen format as a command line input, e.g. run the program with the
command {\tt abc2mtex x} for the {\tt x} format.

Having selected the format you will then be prompted to choose
tunes with the line
\begin{verbatim}
select tunes:
\end{verbatim}
Typically you might respond with {\tt XE:1-3,5,9-} which will select tunes
numbered 1, 2, 3, 5 and 9 onwards from the file {\it XE}. Just entering
{\tt XE} or {\tt XE:-} will select all the all the tunes from {\it XE}. Note
that there should be no spaces anywhere in this input.

When the program has finished formatting the chosen tunes (a matter of seconds)
it will prompt you again with a {\tt select tunes}. To quit the program
simply hit return (or {\tt q} or {\tt quit}) at this prompt.

\subsection{\TeX\ Input}

If at the prompt
\begin{verbatim}
select tunes:
\end{verbatim}
you enter a line beginning with a \verb+\+, it is put directly
into the output file ({\it music.tex}). This is a good way of putting
things like page headings directly into the document, e.g. something like
\begin{verbatim}
\headline{\sl ENGLISH TUNES \hfil \folio}
\end{verbatim}
will generate a header and page number for each page.

\subsection{Transposing Tunes} \label{sec:trans}

If you select the format {\tt t}, you will be prompted at every tune by
\begin{verbatim}
  Transpose <tune name>:
\end{verbatim}
You should enter here the change in the number of sharps and flats you wish
to make. For example, if the tune is in G (1 sharp) and you wish to transpose
it up to A (3 sharps) you would enter {\tt +2} or just {\tt 2}. Flats are
counted negatively (as in Music\TeX ) so that to transpose from G to F (1 flat
or $-$1) you would enter {\tt -2}.

If you have chosen to transpose the tune, i.e. entered anything other than
{\tt 0} you will then be prompted by
\begin{verbatim}
  Note offset:
\end{verbatim}
which is just the number of line and spaces that each note must move. Thus going from
G to A is just moving every note up one and so you would enter {\tt +1} or
{\tt 1} whilst G to F would require {\tt -1}. Note that something like
changing from E$\flat$ (3 flats) to E (4 sharps) has note offset {\tt 0}.

As well as generating transposed Music\TeX\ output in the file {\it music.tex},
the {\tt t} format also generates transposed \abc\ notation to the screen. This
is useful if you want to save the transposed version in the tune file. The only
drawback of this process is that it won't transpose accidentals (as I haven't
come up with a good algorithm for doing this yet) although it generates a
warning if any are present.

\subsection{Making an Index} \label{sec:index}

To make an index of all the tunes stored in X files simply type
{\tt make index}. The result is stored in the file {\it index}.

\subsection{Tidying Up}

To tidy up at the end of a session simply type {\tt make clean}, although
be warned that this will remove the files {\it music.tex} and {\it index}.

\section{Bugs and Features}

\subsection{Things missing when running \TeX }

If you get a complaint from \TeX\ looking a bit like
\begin{verbatim}
 missing \enotes \ mesure 1 bar
\end{verbatim}
or even
\begin{verbatim}
! Missing } inserted.
<inserted text>
                }
<to be read again>
                   \end
l.25 \end

?
\end{verbatim}
you have probably forgotten to end the previous line of \abc\ notation
(possibly in the previous tune) with a bar, double bar
or repeat symbol.

\subsection{Undefined control sequences when running \TeX }

The program generates output in the form of \verb+\Z+ macros which are
then defined in terms of Music\TeX\ macros in the file {\it zmacros.tex} (which
is automatically read in when processing {\it music.tex}). However my approach
to defining the \verb+\Z+ macros has been to do it as and when needed and so
some combinations of notes have not yet been written. If you get
a complaint from \TeX\ looking a bit like
\begin{verbatim}
! Undefined control sequence.
l.24 \notes\Zlabba
                      {j}{k}{h}{j}\enotes
?
\end{verbatim}
then it is probably that the \verb+\Z+ macro hasn't been defined yet. This is
quite likely to happen with complicated gracings occurring within a beam.

There are two solutions to this problem -- either get in there and
define it for yourself (and let me know so I can include it in later
releases), or mail me and I'll do it (as soon as I get round to it).

\subsection{Other Bugs}

If (when) you find any other bugs, let me ({\tt C.Walshaw@gre.ac.uk})
know and I'll try to sort them out.

\end{document}