"""Container objects, and helpers for lists and dicts.
This would have been called this "collections" except that Python 2 can't
import a top-level module that's the same name as a module in the current
package.
"""
import sys
from webhelpers.misc import NotGiven
try:
from collections import defaultdict
except ImportError: # Python < 2.5
class defaultdict(dict):
"""Backport of Python 2.5's ``defaultdict``.
From the Python Cookbook. Written by Jason Kirtland.
http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/523034
"""
def __init__(self, default_factory=None, *a, **kw):
if (default_factory is not None and
not hasattr(default_factory, '__call__')):
raise TypeError('first argument must be callable')
dict.__init__(self, *a, **kw)
self.default_factory = default_factory
def __getitem__(self, key):
try:
return dict.__getitem__(self, key)
except KeyError:
return self.__missing__(key)
def __missing__(self, key):
if self.default_factory is None:
raise KeyError(key)
self[key] = value = self.default_factory()
return value
def __reduce__(self):
if self.default_factory is None:
args = tuple()
else:
args = self.default_factory,
return type(self), args, None, None, self.items()
def copy(self):
return self.__copy__()
def __copy__(self):
return type(self)(self.default_factory, self)
def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
import copy
return type(self)(self.default_factory,
copy.deepcopy(self.items()))
def __repr__(self):
return 'defaultdict(%s, %s)' % (self.default_factory,
dict.__repr__(self))
class DumbObject(object):
"""A container for arbitrary attributes.
Usage::
>>> do = DumbObject(a=1, b=2)
>>> do.b
2
Alternatives to this class include ``collections.namedtuple`` in Python
2.6, and ``formencode.declarative.Declarative`` in Ian Bicking's FormEncode
package. Both alternatives offer more featues, but ``DumbObject``
shines in its simplicity and lack of dependencies.
"""
def __init__(self, **kw):
self.__dict__.update(kw)
class Counter(object):
"""I count the number of occurrences of each value registered with me.
Call the instance to register a value. The result is available as the
``.result`` attribute. Example::
>>> counter = Counter()
>>> counter("foo")
>>> counter("bar")
>>> counter("foo")
>>> sorted(counter.result.items())
[('bar', 1), ('foo', 2)]
>> counter.result
{'foo': 2, 'bar': 1}
To see the most frequently-occurring items in order::
>>> counter.get_popular(1)
[(2, 'foo')]
>>> counter.get_popular()
[(2, 'foo'), (1, 'bar')]
Or if you prefer the list in item order::
>>> counter.get_sorted_items()
[('bar', 1), ('foo', 2)]
"""
def __init__(self):
self.result = defaultdict(int)
self.total = 0 # Number of times instance has been called.
def __call__(self, item):
"""Register an item with the counter."""
self.result[item] += 1
self.total += 1
def get_popular(self, max_items=None):
"""Return the results as as a list of ``(count, item)`` pairs, with the
most frequently occurring items first.
If ``max_items`` is provided, return no more than that many items.
"""
data = [(x[1], x[0]) for x in self.result.iteritems()]
data.sort(key=lambda x: (sys.maxint - x[0], x[1]))
if max_items:
return data[:max_items]
else:
return data
def get_sorted_items(self):
"""Return the result as a list of ``(item, count)`` pairs sorted by item.
"""
data = self.result.items()
data.sort()
return data
def correlate(class_, iterable):
"""Build a Counter from an iterable in one step.
This is the same as adding each item individually.
::
>>> counter = Counter.correlate(["A", "B", "A"])
>>> counter.result["A"]
2
>>> counter.result["B"]
1
"""
counter = class_()
for elm in iterable:
counter(elm)
return counter
correlate = classmethod(correlate)
class Accumulator(object):
"""Accumulate a dict of all values for each key.
Call the instance to register a value. The result is available as the
``.result`` attribute. Example::
>>> bowling_scores = Accumulator()
>>> bowling_scores("Fred", 0)
>>> bowling_scores("Barney", 10)
>>> bowling_scores("Fred", 1)
>>> bowling_scores("Barney", 9)
>>> sorted(bowling_scores.result.items())
[('Barney', [10, 9]), ('Fred', [0, 1])]
>> bowling_scores.result
{'Fred': [0, 1], 'Barney': [10, 9]}
The values are stored in the order they're registered.
Alternatives to this class include ``paste.util. multidict.MultiDict``
in Ian Bicking's Paste package.
"""
def __init__(self):
self.result = defaultdict(list)
def __call__(self, key, value):
"""Register a key-value pair."""
self.result[key].append(value)
def correlate(class_, iterable, key):
"""Create an Accumulator based on several related values.
``key`` is a function to calculate the key for each item, akin to
``list.sort(key=)``.
This is the same as adding each item individually.
"""
accumulator = class_()
for v in iterable:
k = key(v)
accumulator(k, v)
return accumulator
correlate = classmethod(correlate)
class UniqueAccumulator(object):
"""Accumulate a dict of unique values for each key.
The values are stored in an unordered set.
Call the instance to register a value. The result is available as the
``.result`` attribute.
"""
def __init__(self):
self.result = defaultdict(set)
def __call__(self, key, value):
"""Register a key-value pair."""
self.result[key].add(value)
def unique(it):
"""Return a list of unique elements in the iterable, preserving the order.
Usage::
>>> unique([None, "spam", 2, "spam", "A", "spam", "spam", "eggs", "spam"])
[None, 'spam', 2, 'A', 'eggs']
"""
seen = set()
ret = []
for elm in it:
if elm not in seen:
ret.append(elm)
seen.add(elm)
return ret
def only_some_keys(dic, keys):
"""Return a copy of the dict with only the specified keys present.
``dic`` may be any mapping. The return value is always a Python dict.
::
>> only_some_keys({"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}, ["A", "C"])
>>> sorted(only_some_keys({"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}, ["A", "C"]).items())
[('A', 1), ('C', 3)]
"""
ret = {}
for key in keys:
ret[key] = dic[key] # Raises KeyError.
return ret
def except_keys(dic, keys):
"""Return a copy of the dict without the specified keys.
::
>>> except_keys({"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}, ["A", "C"])
{'B': 2}
"""
ret = dic.copy()
for key in keys:
try:
del ret[key]
except KeyError:
pass
return ret
def extract_keys(dic, keys):
"""Return two copies of the dict. The first has only the keys specified.
The second has all the *other* keys from the original dict.
::
>> extract_keys({"From": "F", "To": "T", "Received", R"}, ["To", "From"])
({"From": "F", "To": "T"}, {"Recived": "R"})
>>> regular, extra = extract_keys({"From": "F", "To": "T", "Received": "R"}, ["To", "From"])
>>> sorted(regular.keys())
['From', 'To']
>>> sorted(extra.keys())
['Received']
"""
for k in keys:
if k not in dic:
raise KeyError("key %r is not in original mapping" % k)
r1 = {}
r2 = {}
for k, v in dic.items():
if k in keys:
r1[k] = v
else:
r2[k] = v
return r1, r2
def ordered_items(dic, key_order, other_keys=True, default=NotGiven):
"""Like ``dict.iteritems()`` but with a specified key order.
Arguments:
* ``dic`` is any mapping.
* ``key_order`` is a list of keys. Items will be yielded in this order.
* ``other_keys`` is a boolean.
* ``default`` is a value returned if the key is not in the dict.
This yields the items listed in ``key_order``. If a key does not exist
in the dict, yield the default value if specified, otherwise skip the
missing key. Afterwards, if ``other_keys`` is true, yield the remaining
items in an arbitrary order.
Usage::
>>> dic = {"To": "you", "From": "me", "Date": "2008/1/4", "Subject": "X"}
>>> dic["received"] = "..."
>>> order = ["From", "To", "Subject"]
>>> list(ordered_items(dic, order, False))
[('From', 'me'), ('To', 'you'), ('Subject', 'X')]
"""
d = dict(dic)
for key in key_order:
if key in d:
yield key, d.pop(key)
elif default is not NotGiven:
yield key, default
if other_keys:
for key, value in d.iteritems():
yield key, value
def get_many(d, required=None, optional=None, one_of=None):
"""Extract values from a dict for unpacking into simple variables.
``d`` is a dict.
``required`` is a list of keys that must be in the dict. The corresponding
values will be the first elements in the return list. Raise KeyError if any
of the keys are missing.
``optional`` is a list of optional keys. The corresponding values will be
appended to the return list, substititing None for missing keys.
``one_of`` is a list of alternative keys. Take the first key that exists
and append its value to the list. Raise KeyError if none of the keys exist.
This argument will append exactly one value if specified, or will do
nothing if not specified.
Example::
uid, action, limit, offset = get_many(request.params,
required=['uid', 'action'], optional=['limit', 'offset'])
Contributed by Shazow.
"""
r = []
if required:
for k in required:
r.append(d[k])
if optional:
for k in optional:
r.append(d.get(k))
if one_of:
for k in one_of:
if k in d:
r.append(d[k])
break
else:
raise KeyError("none of these keys found: %s" % one_of)
return r
def del_quiet(dic, keys):
"""Delete several keys from a dict, ignoring those that don't exist.
This modifies the dict in place.
::
>>> d ={"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}
>>> del_quiet(d, ["A", "C"])
>>> d
{'B': 2}
"""
for key in keys:
try:
del dic[key]
except KeyError:
pass
def correlate_dicts(dicts, key):
"""Correlate several dicts under one superdict.
If you have several dicts each with a 'name' key, this
puts them in a container dict keyed by name.
::
>>> d1 = {"name": "Fred", "age": 41}
>>> d2 = {"name": "Barney", "age": 31}
>>> flintstones = correlate_dicts([d1, d2], "name")
>>> sorted(flintstones.keys())
['Barney', 'Fred']
>>> flintstones["Fred"]["age"]
41
If you're having trouble spelling this method correctly, remember:
"relate" has one 'l'. The 'r' is doubled because it occurs after a prefix.
Thus "correlate".
"""
ret = {}
i = 0
for d in dicts:
try:
my_key = d[key]
except KeyError:
msg = "'dicts' element %d contains no key '%s'"
tup = i, key
raise KeyError(msg % tup)
ret[my_key] = d
i += 1
return ret
def correlate_objects(objects, attr):
"""Correlate several objects under one dict.
If you have several objects each with a 'name' attribute, this
puts them in a dict keyed by name.
::
>>> class Flintstone(DumbObject):
... pass
...
>>> fred = Flintstone(name="Fred", age=41)
>>> barney = Flintstone(name="Barney", age=31)
>>> flintstones = correlate_objects([fred, barney], "name")
>>> sorted(flintstones.keys())
['Barney', 'Fred']
>>> flintstones["Barney"].age
31
If you're having trouble spelling this method correctly, remember:
"relate" has one 'l'. The 'r' is doubled because it occurs after a prefix.
Thus "correlate".
"""
ret = {}
i = 0
for obj in objects:
try:
my_key = getattr(obj, attr)
except AttributeError:
msg = "'%s' object at 'objects[%d]' contains no attribute '%s'"
tup = type(obj).__name__, i, attr
raise AttributeError(msg % tup)
ret[my_key] = obj
i += 1
return ret
def distribute(lis, columns, direction, fill=None):
"""Distribute a list into a N-column table (list of lists).
``lis`` is a list of values to distribute.
``columns`` is an int greater than 1, specifying the number of columns in
the table.
``direction`` is a string beginning with "H" (horizontal) or "V"
(vertical), case insensitive. This affects how values are distributed in
the table, as described below.
``fill`` is a value that will be placed in any remaining cells if the data
runs out before the last row or column is completed. This must be an
immutable value such as ``None`` , ``""``, 0, " ", etc. If you
use a mutable value like ``[]`` and later change any cell containing the
fill value, all other cells containing the fill value will also be changed.
The return value is a list of lists, where each sublist represents a row in
the table.
``table[0]`` is the first row.
``table[0][0]`` is the first column in the first row.
``table[0][1]`` is the second column in the first row.
This can be displayed in an HTML table via the following Mako template:
.. code-block:: html+mako
% for row in table:
% for cell in row:
| ${cell} |
% endfor cell
% endfor row
In a horizontal table, each row is filled before going on to the next row.
This is the same as dividing the list into chunks::
>>> distribute([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], 3, "H")
[[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, None]]
In a vertical table, the first element of each sublist is filled before
going on to the second element. This is useful for displaying an
alphabetical list in columns, or when the entire column will be placed in
a single with a
between each element::
>>> food = ["apple", "banana", "carrot", "daikon", "egg", "fish", "gelato", "honey"]
>>> table = distribute(food, 3, "V", "")
>>> table
[['apple', 'daikon', 'gelato'], ['banana', 'egg', 'honey'], ['carrot', 'fish', '']]
>>> for row in table:
... for item in row:
... print "%-9s" % item,
... print "." # To show where the line ends.
...
apple daikon gelato .
banana egg honey .
carrot fish .
Alternatives to this function include a NumPy matrix of objects.
"""
if columns < 1:
raise ValueError("arg 'columns' must be >= 1")
dir = direction[0].upper()
if dir == "H": # Horizontal table (row-wise)
table = []
for i in range(0, len(lis), columns):
row = lis[i:i+columns]
row_len = len(row)
if row_len < columns:
extra = [fill] * (columns - row_len)
row.extend(extra)
table.append(row)
return table
elif dir == "V": # Vertical table (column-wise)
total = len(lis)
rows, remainder = divmod(total, columns)
if remainder:
rows += 1
table = [[fill] * columns for x in range(rows)]
#print table
for i, elm in enumerate(lis):
col, row = divmod(i, rows)
#print "i=%d, row=%d, col=%d, element=%r" % (i, row, col, elm)
table[row][col] = elm
return table
else:
raise ValueError("arg ``direction`` must start with 'H' or 'V'")
def transpose(array):
"""Turn a list of lists sideways, making columns into rows and vice-versa.
``array`` must be rectangular; i.e., all elements must be the same
length. Otherwise the behavior is undefined: you may get ``IndexError``
or missing items.
Examples::
>>> transpose([["A", "B", "C"], ["D", "E", "F"]])
[['A', 'D'], ['B', 'E'], ['C', 'F']]
>>> transpose([["A", "B"], ["C", "D"], ["E", "F"]])
[['A', 'C', 'E'], ['B', 'D', 'F']]
>>> transpose([])
[]
Here's a pictoral view of the first example::
A B C => A D
D E F B E
C F
This can be used to turn an HTML table into a group of div columns. An HTML
table is row major: it consists of several | rows, each containing
several cells. But a layout consists of only one row, each
containing an entire subarray. The s have style "float:left", which
makes them appear horizonally. The items within each are placed in
their own 's or separatad by
, which makes them appear
vertically. The point is that an HTML table is row major (``array[0]`` is
the first row), while a group of div columns is column major (``array[0]``
is the first column). ``transpose()`` can be used to switch between the
two.
"""
if not array:
return []
ret = []
for c in range(len(array[0])):
col = [row[c] for row in array]
ret.append(col)
return ret
if __name__ == "__main__":
import doctest
doctest.testmod()
|