Date: Wed, 16 Dec 1998 09:00:23 GMT
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From: JDCTechTips@sun.com
Subject: JDC Tech Tips Vol. 2 No. 5
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-WELCOME- to the Java Developer Connection(sm) Tech Tips, Vol.2 No.5.
This issue presents three tips, each of them describing new features in
Java(tm) 2 (formerly code-named "JDK(tm) 1.2").


                     J  D  C    T  E  C  H    T  I  P  S

                     TIPS, TECHNIQUES, AND SAMPLE CODE
                          * True/False Random Values with NextBoolean
                          * Cross Compilation Using -Target
                          * Unicode Character Blocks


- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

T I P S ,  T E C H N I Q U E S ,   A N D   S A M P L E   C O D E

TRUE/FALSE RANDOM VALUES WITH NEXTBOOLEAN

nextBoolean is a new method, which is part of the java.util.Random class.
It returns a random false/true value, and is useful if you have an
application that effectively needs to flip a coin.

Random numbers are especially useful when generating test data.

This program prints out 10 values of "heads" or "tails":

        import java.util.Random;

        public class flip {
                public static void main(String args[])
                {
                        Random rn = new Random();

                        for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
                                System.out.println(rn.nextBoolean() ?
                                    "heads" : "tails");
                }
        }

If you've studied random numbers at all, especially the method used by Java
(the linear congruential method), you might recall that one problem with
generated random numbers is that the low-order bits tend to be less random
than the high-order ones.  This problem is worked around by internally
generating a sequence of 48-bit random values, and then using at most 32 of
the high-order bits of any given value.  nextBoolean uses a single high
bit, while nextInt uses 32 bits of the 48, ignoring the lowest 16 bits.
See Knuth's "The Art of Computer Programming" section 3.2.1 for a
discussion of random number generators.

Another new feature in Random is the ability to generate random integers
in a specified range, using nextInt. nextInt(N) returns a random
integer in the range:

        0 <= number < N

So this program will generate a sequence of 10 numbers, each in the
range 0-9 inclusive:

        import java.util.Random;

        public class rand {
                public static void main(String args[])
                {
                        Random rn = new Random();

                        for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
                                System.out.println(rn.nextInt(10));
                }
        }

CROSS COMPILATION USING -TARGET

A new javac option "-target" has been added to allow specification of a
particular Java Virtual Machine (JVM) target version.  By default, the Java
2 version of javac produces .class files compatible with both 1.1 and 1.2
versions of the JVM.  But you can change this.  For example, a simple
program such as:

        public class hello {
                public static void main (String args[])
                {
                        System.out.println("hello world");
                }
        }

when compiled with:

        $ javac hello.java

will run correctly with both  JDK 1.1 and Java 2 versions, but
when compiled with:

        $ javac -target 1.2 hello.java

will work only with the Java 2 version, failing with a "Can't find class
hello" error message otherwise. This feature can be used to force
compatibility with both JDK 1.1 and Java 2 (by saying "-target 1.1"),
or to force Java 2 (by saying "-target 1.2").


UNICODE CHARACTER BLOCKS

Java uses the Unicode character set, which contains a series of subsections
known as character blocks.  For example, the letter "z" is part of the
BASIC_LATIN block, while the character "\u0400" is within the CYRILLIC
block.

This program shows how such blocks can be used:

        public class uniblock {
                public static void main(String args[])
                {
                        char c;

                        c = 'z';
                        Character.UnicodeBlock block1 =
                            Character.UnicodeBlock.of(c);

                        c = '\u0400';
                        Character.UnicodeBlock block2 =
                            Character.UnicodeBlock.of(c);

                        System.out.println("block 1 = " + block1);
                        System.out.println("block 2 = " + block2);

                        System.out.println("Are blocks equal? " +
                            (block1 == block2));
                }
        }

The output is:

        block 1 = BASIC_LATIN
        block 2 = CYRILLIC
        Are blocks equal? false

This feature is useful in classifying characters. For example, the
BASIC_LATIN category corresponds to the characters in the range \u0000
through \u007F, the values in the widely used, seven-bit ASCII character
set


.  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .  .
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The JDC Tech Tips are written by Glen McCluskey.

JDC Tech Tips Vol. 2 No. 5
December 15, 1998