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\chapter{Athena}

\hbox to \hsize { \hfil \it ``Where's the any key?''} \index{Athena}
Athena, named for the Greek goddess of wisdom, is a highly visible
aspect of MIT's environment.  Whether doing coursework on-line,
writing papers, sending electronic mail, zephyring friends or just
playing games, Athena is a vital part of many student's lives.

\index{Project Athena} \index{Athena Computing Environment} Begun as
Project Athena, it was a major, Institute-wide experiment in the use
of computer technologies to improve education at MIT.  Now the Athena
Computing Environment is the largest single, centrally managed
installation of heterogeneous, networked workstations in the world.
Athena supports fourteen public and many departmental clusters,
including electronic classrooms, located throughout the MIT campus.
In January of 1994, the MIT network was extended to all ILGs and
dormitories.  The network serves over 9,000 computers located in
these clusters, as well as in academic facilities, laboratories,
libraries, living groups, and a staff area.  Included also are many
private workstations located in faculty offices and other sites.

Athena offers computing resources to all undergraduates and graduate
students, and many faculty.  Every student can get an account on Athena.

\index{Fishbowl}
Clusters of computers are scattered about campus.  There is a
combination for the keypress locks, which is the same for all the public
clusters, which can be obtained through sources such as OLC, SIPB or Athena
Minicourses (see {\bf Help}, below).  The most visible clusters are the ``Fishbowl'', in building 11, off the Infinite Corridor, and the large
cluster on the fifth floor of the Student Center.  A complete list of clusters
is available on Athena by typing {\tt cview}.

{\bf NOTE}: This is not meant to be an extensive guide to Athena, merely
an introduction.  More extensive documents are available from Athena at Graphic Arts (basement of W20 and building 11) or the Student Information Processing Board (SIPB) in W20-557.

\index{Athena account, Registering for} \noindex\entry{Getting an
Account} Find an open computer with a ``Welcome to Athena'' screen,
and press a key.  Then click the mouse on the ``Register for an
Account'' option, and follow the instructions.  If you have any
problems contact OLC in 11-115, SIPB in W20-557, or Athena accounts in
11-124h.  It usually takes a day or two for your account to become
active, but after that you'll be able to log on whenever you want.

\index{Oxymoron} Be sure you like your username, as it's nearly
impossible to change it.  Consider that potential employers are likely
to communicate with you via email in your stay at MIT.  It's equally
important to choose a good password.  Passwords can be changed,
however, and should be every few weeks, by typing {\tt passwd} at the
{\tt athena\%} prompt.  Be sure to never tell anyone your password, as
they can mess up your files, compromise Athena's security, or change
your password so that you can't log in.  The SIPB has a one page guide to
choosing a username and password, which is available in W20-557.

\noindex\entry{Logging in}
At an open computer with a ``Welcome to Athena'' screen, press a key,
then type in your username, and then your password.  Your password won't
be displayed on the screen.

\noindex\entry{Basic Commands}
The main window, created when you first log in, is called an xterm. It
has a prompt, {\tt athena\%}, at which you type commands to the computer.
Unless otherwise specified, all the commands listed below are run from
an xterm.

To run a program, type the name of it at the {\tt athena\%} prompt.  To quit
the program, in general, type control-c (press the control key and the c
key at the same time) in the xterm you ran the program from.  To run it
in the background (so that you can still use your xterm while the
computer is running) type a ``{\tt \&}'' after the program name.
	
(replace {\tt <filename>, <directory name>}, etc., with the appropriate
filename, directory name, etc$\ldots$)

\noindex\entry{Directories} 	
	{\tt ls}: lists the files and subdirectories in that directory.

	{\tt ls -a}: also lists your ``dotfiles,'' files which the
computer accesses when you log in.

	{\tt cd <directory name>}: changes directories

	{\tt mkdir <directory name>}: creates a directory which you can then put files in.

\noindex\entry{Files}
	{\tt more <filename>}: displays text files in an xterm window,
one screenful at a time.

	{\tt delete <filename>}: gets rid of file (truly gone after
three days)

	{\tt undelete <filename>}: retrieves a mistakenly deleted file. 

	{\tt mv <old filename> <new filename>}: moves a file,
effectively renaming it. 

	{\tt cp <filename>}: creates a copy of the file.

\noindex\entry{Email}
	{\tt inc}: incorporates your new mail so that you can read it.

	Each message is assigned a number, which is displayed at the
beginning of the line when it is incorporated.  Commands, such as show
and rmm, when not followed by a number, will apply to the current
message.

  	{\tt scan}: lists all the mail messages you have
received and their numbers.

	{\tt show [<message \#>]}: displays your mail message, similar to
{\tt more}.  The default is the current message, and you can specify a
specific message through an optional argument.

 	{\tt next}: displays the mail
message with the next number.  	

	{\tt rmm [<message \#>]}: deletes the mail
message.  Defaults to current message and you can specify a message
through an optional argument.

  	{\tt comp}: allows you to compose an email message to
send using the emacs editor.  Put the name of who you're sending it to
after the {\tt To:} prompt.  {\tt Cc:} is for carbon copies to other people,
with multiple addresses separated by commas. A topic for the letter can
be put on the {\tt Subject:} line. Begin your letter on the line after
the ``{\tt --------}''.  Don't erase this line!

  	{\tt repl}: similar to {\tt comp}, this is to send a reply for a
specific message back to its sender.\endgraf

  	{\tt forw}: will include a message so that you can send
it on to someone else.

\noindex\entry{Zephyr}
	{\tt zwrite <username>}: sends a message to another user logged
in at the same time. Type your message in , and send it, as the prompt
says, by typing control-d or a ``.'' on a line by itself.

	{\tt zlocate <username>}: tells if a user is logged on and
recieving zephyrs.

	Clicking a mouse button on a zephyr will make it disappear. Be
careful not to click a zephyr away before you've read it, as there is no
record of it anywhere.

	Using emacs, you can create a file called ``.anyone''
containing usernames of your friends who you'd want to know if they're
logged on.

  	{\tt znol}: will list the users in your .anyone file that
are currently logged on.

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\noindex\entry{Word Processing}
	{\bf Emacs}: is a text editor with many functions which work with control characters.
	{\bf EZ}: is a menu-driven easy-to-learn word processor; it is useful for most simple documents such as papers for class and letters to friends.
  	{\bf \LaTeX} is a text formatter.  It is more flexible and powerful than EZ, but is harder to learn.   This edition of HowToGAMIT was typed in using Emacs and formatted with a variant of \LaTeX.
	{\bf FrameMaker} is available on Athena by typing {\tt add frame; maker &}
There is documentation available and minicourses for each of these.

\noindex\entry{Printing}
	Each user, at the beginning of the fall term, is allocated a printing quota of 1200 pages.  This is a lot of pages.  Should you use it up, however, you can still print, but a charge of 10 cents per page will show up on your bursar's bill. Header pages, which are printed for each printing job, do not count against your quota.
	Most clusters have printers.  {\tt cview printers} will give a list of all the printers and the clusters they're located in.
	{\tt lpr -P<printer name> <filename>}: will print out a text file.
	{\tt xdpr -P<printer name>}: will print a window dump.  When the cursor changes to a crosshair, click in the window you wish to print out.  Clicking in the root (background) window will print out the entire screen.
	{\tt lpquota -P<printer name>}: shows how much you've printed out and any charges you've accumulated.
	{\tt lpq -P<printer name>}: can be used to check if the printer is working and if your file has been printed.
	{\tt lprm -P<printer name> <username>}: will cancel a printing request.

\noindex\entry{Screensaving}
It is generally considered a good idea to screensave your terminal if you want to leave your terminal for a little while.  While Athena has a default screensaver to protect the screens, this doesn't not protect your files from random passers-by who might want to mess with your files.  So before you go, {\tt add sipb; xscreensaver}, then click your middle mouse in the window that appears in the upper left corner, and drag down to the "Lock Screen" option.  This protects your account in that you need to enter your password before you can get to your account.\break	
\centerline{\it Do not leave your workstation unattended for more than 20 minutes.} 
After this, other users are entitled to log you out.  Xscreensaver will create a logout button for this purpose after thirty minutes.  If elapsed screensaved time is not displayed, or is greater than 30 minutes, it is your right to log out that person to be able to use the terminal. Never turn off the computer to do this!!! Each computer has a way to reboot; if you don't know, ask someone for help.

\noindex\entry{Useful Lockers}
A number of programs on Athena are available in lockers.  To use programs in 
a locker you need to type {\tt add <lockername>}, where {\tt <lockername>} is
the name of the locker you wish to use.  Some useful lockers to add include:
	{\tt add sipb}: This locker is maintained by the SIPB and contains many useful programs including {\tt xscreensaver}, news reading programs, {\tt Mosaic} (a World Wide Web browser) and {\tt gzip} (a compression program).
	{\tt add outland}: This is also maintained by the SIPB and contains a number of less supported programs that can change at any time.  Programs in outland currently include {\tt xearth} (a fun program for your background), {\tt xzewd} (a new way to send zephyrs), and {\tt xteddy} (guess).
	{\tt add fishwrap}: This contains the program {\tt fishwrap}, which generates personalized newspapers.
	{\tt add consult}: This locker is maintained by the Athena Consultants, and includes programs like {\tt punt} (kills processes by name) and {\tt lookup} (a program to find out where a locker is, in case of outages).
	{\tt add games}: This locker contains some games including {\tt xspringies} (physics is phun) and {\tt xbombs} (more fun than problem sets).

\noindex\entry{Help}
	Help in learning how to use Athena is readily available. We encourage you to explore and learn. 
	Typing {\tt help} at the {\tt athena\%} prompt will create a menu with many topics and answers to help you.  Browsing through can teach you many things.
	OLC (On-Line Consultants) is here to answer your questions. You can drop by their office, 11-115, next to the Fishbowl, call them at 3-4435, or ask them a question over Athena by typing olc at the {\tt athena\%} prompt and following the instructions.  You can also get at the Athena Stock Answers by typing {\tt olc answers} at your athena prompt.
	SIPB (Student Information Processing Board), located in W20-557, outside the Student Center cluster, is a group of students who help to create and maintain many services on Athena.  They can often answer questions about Athena software.  They are also reacable via phone at x3-7788 and are usally open at hours long after consultants have gone to sleep.
	During  R/O week and at other times during the year, there are Athena Minicourses which focus on specific topics, such as Getting Started on Athena, and using editors such as Emacs, EZ, and \LaTeX.

\noindex\entry{Logging out}
	It's really important not to forget to logout before you leave.  Click on the Logout window in the lower right corner of your screen, and confirm that you wish to leave, or type {\tt logout} at the {\tt athena\%} prompt, making sure it listens to you before you go.

\bye
