\documentstyle[cyrillic]{report} \addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-.875in} \addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-.875in} \addtolength{\textwidth}{1.75in} \setlength{\topmargin}{-.75in} \setlength{\textheight}{8.75in} \title{\begin{center} \hspace*{1mm}\special{psfile=funky-owl.PS hoffset=-100}\hspace*{1mm} \vspace{2cm} \end{center} \bf{Inessential Cyrillic}} \author{Grisha Golberg ({\em grisha@mit.edu}) and Dima Dribinsky ({\em dimon@mit.edu})\\\\Student Information Processing Board} \date{September 3, 1996\\Revision 1.5} \def\thesection {\arabic{section}} \def\thesubsection {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}} \def\thesubsubsection {\thesubsection .\arabic{subsubsection}} \input cyracc.def \font\tencyr=wncyr10 \font\sevencyr=wncyr7 \font\fivecyr=wncyr6 \font\tenboldcyr=wncyb10 \font\tenitcyr=wncyi10 \newfam\cyrfam \textfont\cyrfam=\tencyr \scriptfont\cyrfam=\sevencyr \scriptscriptfont\cyrfam=\fivecyr \def\cyr{\fam\cyrfam\tencyr\cyracc} % Next two lines are new: \def\cyrbold{\fam\cyrfam\tenboldcyr\cyracc} \def\cyrit{\fam\cyrfam\tenitcyr\cyracc} \begin{document} \maketitle \tableofcontents \pagebreak \begin{tabbing} aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa\=aaaaaaaaa\=aaaaaaaaaaaa\kill \>{\cyr Proniknoven\cprime e nashe po planete} \\ \>{\cyr Teper\cprime\ osobenno zametno vdaleke:}\\ \>{\cyr V obwestvennom parizhskom tualete }\\ \>{\cyr Est\cprime\ nadpisi na russkom yazyke.}\\ \>\>{\cyr Vladimir Vysotski\u\i} \end{tabbing} \section{Introduction: About Cyrillic and this document} First, a bit of history. Cyrillic is the alphabet used by Russian and various other Slavic languages. It was invented, if you care, by St.Cyril (aka Constantine) and St.Methodius, Christian missionaries to Slavs, in the 9th century A.D. Since they were Greek, the Cyrillic alphabet is based on the Greek one, and you will find many common symbols in both alphabets. The alphabet has been changing since then, until it arrived at the present stage -- with several variations of it available for different Slavic languages. Since the variations are slight, we will mostly speak of Russian alphabet, as it is the most commonly used. \par This document will explain how to generate documents in Cyrillic with \LaTeX, how to read and write Cyrillic in your X applications and how to convert among various formats of representation of Cyrillic characters. To more fully understand this document, we recomment you familiarize yourself with {\em Inessential \LaTeX} and {\em Inessential X Resources} documents, available from SIPB office (W20-557). \par Obviously, this document is concerned with making Cyrillic available in the {\em Athena} environment. If you have any questions as to how make Cyrillic available on your home computer for MS-DOS, Windows, Mac, or whatever, you are welcome to ask the authors. If you want to know about the availability of tools for other foreign languages on Athena, wait a little --- there may be an {\em Inessential Foreign Languages} document coming soon from the friendly folks in SIPB. Also, please explore the resources listed in the section on where to get more information later in this manual. \par This is Revision 1.5 of {\em Inessential Cyrillic}, which contains several {\bf major} changes and additions from the previous release. Some useful utilities which have recently been installed in the {\bf russian-club} and {\bf cyrillic} lockers, are described here. If you have read this document before, read it again to make sure your new customizations for Cyrillic are according to this document, not the previous versions. \section{Producing Cyrillic documents with \LaTeX}\label{sec:latex} \subsection{Introduction} This section describes how to typeset a document in Cyrillic using \LaTeX. We assume you already know how to use \LaTeX{} to typeset simple documents. If not, do read {\em Inessential \LaTeX}.\\ \par The Cyrillic font for \LaTeX, developed by the American Mathematical Society, ``contains all letters found in the modern (post-revolutionary) Cyrillic alphabet, as well as others found by Mathematical Reviews to be necessary for rendering bibliographic information in Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Georgian, and other Slavic and non-Slavic languages ordinarily published in Cyrillic.''\footnote{ {\em Mathematical Symbols and Cyrillic Fonts Ready for Distribution}, Barbara Beaton, American Mathematical Society.} \\ \subsection{How to start} To begin with, you should tell \LaTeX{} where to look for for Cyrillic fonts. To do that, enter \begin{verbatim} attach sipb setenv TEXINPUTS .:/mit/sipb/lib/tex/macros//: \end{verbatim} at your {\tt athena\%} prompt (note the trailing colon!). These lines can also be placed in your {\tt .environment} file. \par Now you can start writing your Cyrillic document. Before you use any Cyrillic font, however, you should put the following in your {\tt .tex} file: {\tt Cyrillic} in the options section of the {\tt $\backslash$documentstyle} line, e.g.\\ {\tt $\backslash$documentstyle[Cyrillic]\{article\}}\\ and in the preamble -- after the {\tt $\backslash$documentstyle} line and before {\tt $\backslash$begin\{document\}}, -- put \begin{verbatim} \input cyracc.def \font\tencyr=wncyr10 \font\sevencyr=wncyr7 \font\fivecyr=wncyr6 \font\tenboldcyr=wncyb10 \font\tenitcyr=wncyi10 \newfam\cyrfam \textfont\cyrfam=\tencyr \scriptfont\cyrfam=\sevencyr \scriptscriptfont\cyrfam=\fivecyr \def\cyr{\fam\cyrfam\tencyr\cyracc} \def\cyrbold{\fam\cyrfam\tenboldcyr\cyracc} \def\cyrit{\fam\cyrfam\tenitcyr\cyracc} \end{verbatim} You are all set. Now you can enter Cyrillic like this: {\tt \{$\backslash$cyr {\em text}\}}, where {\em text} is the AMS \LaTeX{} representation of Cyrillic characters. You can typeset Cyrillic in {\bf bold} and {\it italic} by substituting $\backslash$cyrbold and $\backslash$cyrit for $\backslash$cyr respectively. For example, use the following \begin{verbatim} {\cyrbold \`Eto zhirny\u{i} shrift} {\cyrit A \'eto kursiv} \end{verbatim} To produce \\ \par \noindent {\cyrbold \`Eto zhirny\u{i} shrift}\\ {\cyrit A \`eto kursiv}\\ \subsection{Representation of Cyrillic characters} The representation is mostly phonetic, somewhat similar to the generally accepted Library of Congress transliteration standard. See Appendix A for the table of Russian alphabet in Cyrillic and in corresponfing \LaTeX{} symbols. Here are some examples. This: \\ \noindent {\cyr Ne migayut, slezyat\null sya ot vetra \\ Beznad\"ezhnye karie vishni. \\ Vozvrawat\cprime sya plohaya primeta -- \\ Ya tebya nikogda ne uvizhu.} \\ \\ \noindent was created from the following source: \begin{verbatim} {\cyr Ne migayut, slezyat\null sya ot vetra \\ Beznad\"ezhnye karie vishni.\\ Vozvrashchat\cprime sya plohaya primeta -- \\ Ya tebya nikogda ne uvizhu.} \end{verbatim} and this\\ \noindent {\cyr Zdes\cprime\ lapy u ele\u\i\ drozhat na vesu, \\ Zdes\cprime\ pticy webequt trevozhno. \\ Zhivex\cprime\ v zakoldovannom dikom lesu, \\ Otkuda u\u\i ti nevozmozhno. \\ Pust\cprime\ qeremuhi sohnut bel\cprime \"em na vetru, \\ Pust\cprime\ dozhd\"em opadayut sireni, \\ Vs\"e ravno ya ot\null syuda tebya zaberu \\ Vo dvorec, gde igrayut svireli.} \\ \\ \noindent was created from the following source: \begin{verbatim} {\cyr Zdes\cprime\ lapy u ele\u\i\ drozhat na vesu, \\ Zdes\cprime\ pticy webequt trevozhno. \\ Zhivex\cprime\ v zakoldovannom dikom lesu, \\ Otkuda u\u\i ti nevozmozhno. \\ Pust\cprime\ qeremuhi sohnut bel\cprime \"em na vetru, \\ Pust\cprime\ dozhd\"em opadayut sireni, \\ Vs\"e ravno ya otsyuda tebya zaberu \\ Vo dvorec, gde igrayut svireli.} \end{verbatim} \noindent This should be enough to let you insert Cyrillic text into your documents. \section{Displaying Cyrillic in X applications} \subsection{Introduction} There are several ways of representing Cyrillic letters. There are schemes to code not only Russian letters but some other Slavic ones: Ukranian, Serbocroatian, Macedonian. Those tables are slightly different one from another but the basic rule is the same: all Cyrillic letters are located beyond 127th number of ASCII which is a 7 bit table. That means that in all of these coding schemes (like KOI-8) cyrillic letters take place of the characters like \"u, \'o, etc. The most common scheme is probably KOI-8 (for {\cyr Kody Obmena Informacie\u\i}, the 8-bit Codes for Information Interchange). Another scheme, common for PC's, is ALT (for ``alternative''). But since KOI-8 is by far the most widely used, they are the ones installed in {\bf cyrillic} locker on Athena, and they are the ones we are going to talk about. \subsection{Installing fonts for your X session} \label{sec:startupx} All public cluster machines can be ``russified''. It is important to note for those who want to russify their private machine, that the fonts will only work on machines with X11R4 and later versions of X server. If you are not russifying an Athena platform, you can find out which revision you are running by entering command \begin{verbatim} xdpyinfo \end{verbatim} and looking for ``vendor release number'' (it should be close to the beginning of the output). It should be 4 or greater for the fonts to work properly. If you are on Athena, don't worry --- the fonts will work properly on all Athena platforms. \par To install KOI-8 fonts for the current X session, execute the following commands: \begin{verbatim} xset fp default xset fp+ /afs/sipb.mit.edu/project/sipb/lib/X11fonts/@sys/ xset fp+ /afs/athena.mit.edu/course/other/cyrillic/Fonts xset fp rehash \end{verbatim} You can make these changes go into effect every time you start your X session. To do that, put the above four {\tt xset} commands in your {\tt .startup.X} (if you don't have a {\tt .startup.X} file in your home directory, create it). \subsection{Making it work for SGI} For a Silicon Graphics workstation, there is one more thing you need to do to enjoy Cyrillic on Athena. You need to create a {\tt .startup.sgi} file with the above {\tt xset} commands. \label{sec:sgi} \subsection{Configuring X resources} Now that you have installed the fonts, you still need to configure your applications' X resources to display those fonts. Aside from the special cases, each of which is explained in its own subsection below, very easy to do if you are familiar with setting X resources\footnote{ {\em Inessential X Resources} is a helpful document available from SIPB}. For the information on these special cases, read the respective subsections below. The list of KOI-8 fonts available is provided in Appendix C. \par If, however, you just want to quickly do what you have to do without going into details, here is an example of what the authors have in their {\tt .Xresources} files to enable an X application to display KOI-8 --- in our example, it's {\tt xrn} or {\tt xemacs}, so that you can read all these relcom newsgroups: \begin{verbatim} xrn*font: -cronyx-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-koi8-r xemacs*font: -cronyx-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-120-75-75-c-60-koi8-r \end{verbatim} These are only the resources we {\em recommend}, because we like them. If you want other fonts, look at the list of them in the Appendix C and experiment. \par Finally, for the changes in X resources to take effect in the same X session you changed them, you must run command \begin{verbatim} xrdb ~/.Xresources \end{verbatim} and restart the affected application. \par And one more point: Zephyr. While Zephyrgrams are also X windows during your X session, there are issues with russifying Zephyr that have nothing to do with X resources; so for instructions, see below in Section \ref{sec:zephyr}. Let us now move on to special cases. \subsection{Special case 1: Netscape}{\label{sec:mozilla}} Everyone's least or most favorite Web browser is russified as follows. Start the browser, pull down the {\tt Options} menu, go to {\tt Document Encoding} submenu, and select {\tt Cyrillic (KOI8-R)} option. Then go to {\tt Options} menu once again, and select {\tt Save Options}. You are all set. \subsection{Special case 2: Mosaic}\label{sec:mosaic} The version of Mosaic available on Athena in the {\bf sipb} locker is multilingual. It supports a lot of fonts for various languages -- look in Options-Fonts menu to see for yourself. You don't need to load X fonts for this multilingual Mosaic -- just tell it which font to use. In our case, go to the Fonts submenu from Options menu in Mosaic window, and select {\tt Cyrillic (KOI8)} (NOT {\tt Cyrillic (ISO 8859-5)}, which is very rarely used). You are all set. You won't even need to reload the current document to see it properly with the new font -- Mosaic will do the right thing automagically. \par To make Mosaic automatically load KOI8 font every time you run it, put the following line into your {\tt .Xresources}:\\ {\tt Mosaic*defaultCharset: koi} \subsection{Cyrillic on the Web}\label{sec:www} Now that you can display Cyrillic in Mosaic and/or Netscape, here are some sites for you to check out: \begin{verbatim} http://www.mit.edu:8001/activities/russian-club/catalog.html \end{verbatim} This is a collection of lyrics to some 2,500 Russian songs, many of them with guitar chords. It's an effort of {\em SovInformBuro} at MIT Russian Club, of which the two authors of this document are members. You can reach us at {\em SovInformBuro@MIT.EDU}. \par The following two sites are the repository of a wealth of information of interest to you. \begin{verbatim} http://solar.rtd.utk.edu/friends/home.html http://sunsite.oit.unc.edu/sergei/Grandsons.html http://www.pitt.edu/~cjp/rees.html http://www.mit.edu:8001/activities/russian-club/russian-club.html \end{verbatim} has pointers to many other sites of interest to Cyrillic readers on the Web. \subsection{Special case 3: XTerm} Once again, in XTerm, that notorious 8th bit is stripped away. So even if you set the XTerm X resource ({\tt xterm*font}) to a correct font, you will not be able to see Cyrillic in the window. To correct that you have to force XTerm to allow 8th bit to go through. For that, enter {\tt stty cs8 -istrip} in your XTerm window. That'll allow the 8th bit to pass through, but {\bf only in that window}. To automate this process for every window, put the following commands in your {\tt .cshrc.mine} file: \begin{verbatim} stty cs8 -istrip \end{verbatim} \subsection{Special case 4: Emacs} Setting X resources for Emacs would not do any good. Emacs will still display the Cyrillic characters' octal encoding instead of the characters themselves. There is an answer: {\tt xemacs}. You have already seen how to enable it to display Cyrillic fonts ({\tt xemacs*font:koi6x13} in your {\tt .Xresources} file will do the trick). But, then, can we edit Cyrillic text? Well, that brings us right to the next section. \section{Typing real Cyrillic} \subsection{Installing Cyrillic keyboard map} In order to be able to type Cyrillic in some of the applications you use --- for example, to post to USENET with {\tt xrn} --- you need to install a Cyrillic keyboard table for KOI-8 codes. To install it, enter\\ \par \noindent{\tt attach russian-club}\\ {\tt xmodmap /mit/russian-club/Fonts/Keymaps/}{\em keymap}\\ \par \noindent where the {\em keymap} is one of the two keyboard layouts available in the {\bf russian-club} locker for typing KOI-8: {\tt yawerty.koi8.xmm} and {\tt jcuken.koi8.xmm}. The {\tt jcuken.koi8.xmm} models the layout of a real Russian keyboard -- named for the first 6 letters on that keyboard, {\cyr \u{I}CUKEN}. It is helpful if you are comfortable with that layout. If you aren't, we recommend the {\tt yawerty.koi8.xmm} ({\cyr YaVERTY}) layout, where Cyrillic letters will be placed on keys of similar latin letters. See Appendix B for the table containing summary of all three (QWERTY, {\cyr \u{I}CUKEN} and {\cyr YaVERTY}) keyboard layouts. \par To switch between Latin and Cyrillic, hit {\tt Caps Lock} key. To uninstall the Cyrillic mapping, enter \begin{verbatim} xmodmap /mit/russian-club/Fonts/Keymaps/default.xmm \end{verbatim} \subsection{XEmacs}\label{sec:xemacs} This is all good if you don't really want to directly {\em edit} Cyrillic text. One way, of course, is to write a \LaTeX{} document (or a document in some other phonetic transliteration of Cyrillic) and then edit it and convert it to whatever other format you want -- like KOI-8, for example\footnote{See the next Chapter for explanation of how to convert among various representations of Cyrillic}. But what if you want sort of a WYSIWYG, what if you want to see the Cyrillic letters as you are typing them, and you want to use a familiar editor -- Emacs? Setting X resources for Emacs fonts to KOI-8 fonts will not work, as we said above. There is a way to use Emacs to edit and convert between some of the representations (see next section), but that may not really be what you want. But does that mean there is no solution to this problem? \par Nope, in fact there are {\em two} solutions. One is {\tt xemacs} which we have already mentioned before. All you need to edit Cyrillic text with it you have already done: you have set proper X resources for it, and specified a keyboard layout to use. Just start it --- xemacs is in its own locker, and to start it you need to enter \begin{verbatim} add xemacs xemacs& \end{verbatim} --- and you are ready to go! \subsection{Mule} Another editor suitable for this purpose is {\tt mule} -- a MUltiLanguage Emacs, available on Athena which can be used for Cyrillic input. To use it, enter the following commands: \begin{verbatim} setup babel mule -l quail-Cyrillic & \end{verbatim} This will bring up a {\tt mule} window, which is just like Emacs. The file ``quail-Cyrillic'' loads several different keyboard layouts that you can use. By default, what you type will be in English. To switch to and from quail input mode, type {\tt C-]} The default keyboard layout is {\cyr YaVERTY}. The mode line should indicate the layout currently in use. To change the layout, from the quail input mode type {\tt M-s}, and it will prompt you for a different layout. {\tt TAB} at this prompt will get you a list of the available layouts. The layouts currently available are Byelorussian, {\cyr \u{I}CUKEN}, Macedonian, Ukrainian, Serbian and {\cyr YaVERTY}. \par When you save your file, {\tt mule} saves it in its own format. It is possible to convert it to KOI-8 format (see next Chapter). If you want a hardcopy of what you typed, you can convert it to KOI-8, from KOI-8 to \LaTeX{}, and then \LaTeX{} it and print out. This conversion process will generate hardcopy of better quality than the easier method that is recommended for use with {\tt mule}, but if you do want worse quality and faster method -- without going through all the conversions -- here it is. \par First, you must save your Russian buffer in {\tt mule} internal encoding. To do that, enter \begin{verbatim} M-x set-file-coding-system \end{verbatim} in {\tt mule}. At the {\tt File-coding-system:} prompt enter {\tt *internal*}. Now that you saved the file, you can print it out using {\tt m2ps} command in the {\bf babel} locker. The general format of the command is \\ \smallskip {\tt m2ps < }{\em infile }{\tt > }{\em outfile}\\ \smallskip for saving it in the PostScript format, or \\ \smallskip {\tt m2ps < }{\em infile}{\tt | lpr -P}{\em printer} \\ \smallskip to get a hardcopy. \section{Convert!} Ok. Now that you have learned many ways of getting the Cyrillic, you might want to convert them from one to another. And there are now two ways to do that. \subsection{Translit}\label{sec:translit} You can use a program, called {\tt translit}. To use it, you have to {\tt add russian-club}. With {\tt translit} you can convert between \LaTeX{}, phonetic, mule, KOI-8, KOI-7, ALT, Library of Congress and other encodings. To convert a file just type the following command:\\ \noindent {\tt translit -i }{\em infile }{\tt -o }{\em outfile table}\\ where {\em infile} is the name of the ``source'' file you want to convert, and {\em outfile} is the name of the ``target'' file, where you want to place the converted ``source''. If input or output files are not specified, the program uses standard input or standard output. The {\em table} is the full path of the conversion table file to be used. The tables are located in /mit/russian-club/lib/tables; see table below for correct usage\footnote{Note that the {\tt tables} directory has been moved into the {\tt lib} directory, and that the files containing tables no longer have {\tt .rus} extension -- saves you typing, you know...}. If you are going to use the program a lot, it might be very useful to set the default path and default table. To do that in you can just add the following lines to your {\tt .environment} file:\\ {\tt setenv TRANSP /mit/russian-club/lib/tables/}\\ {\tt setenv TRANSF }{\em most-used-table}\\ The following translaton tables are available\footnote{The most useful tables are boldfaced}:\\ \smallskip \begin{tabular}{ll} alt-gos & ALT to GOSTCII table\\ alt-koi8 & ALT to KOI-8 table\\ gos-alt & GOSTCII to ALT table\\ gos-koi8 & GOSTCII to KOI-8 table\\ koi7-8 & KOI-7 to KOI-8 table\\ koi7nl-8 & KOI-7 (no Latin) to KOI-8 table\\ koi8-7 & KOI-8 to KOI-7 table\\ koi8-alt & KOI-8 to ALT table\\ koi8-gos & KOI-8 to GOSTCII table\\ {\bf koi8-lc} & KOI-8 to Library of Congress table\\ {\bf koi8-mule}& KOI-8 to Mule format\\ koi8-phg & KOI-8 to GOST transliteration\\ koi8-php & KOI-8 to Pokrovsky transliteration\\ koi8-tex & KOI-8 to LaTeX \\ {\bf mule-koi8} & Mule to KOI-8 \\ phg-koi8 & GOST transliteration to KOI-8\\ pho-8sim & Simple phonetic to KOI-8\\ pho-koi8 & Various phonetic to KOI-8\\ php-koi8 & Pokrovsky to KOI-8\\ tex-koi8 & \LaTeX{} to KOI-8\\ tex-mule & \LaTeX{} to Mule\\ \end{tabular} \par If you have any problems using this program or you find some bugs in the tables, you are encouraged to mail them to {\em SovInformBuro@mit.edu}. \subsection{Converting with Emacs: it's interactive!} You can also edit and convert files with Emacs 19 (default Emacs now on Athena). First of all, you'll need to put the following in your {\tt .emacs} file: \begin{verbatim} (setq load-path (append load-path '("/afs/athena/activity/r/russian-club/src/El"))) (require 'russian "/afs/athena/activity/r/russian-club/src/El/russian") \end{verbatim} That will enable you to dispay files in arbitrary encodings, translating contents of Emacs buffer(s) between encodings without changing the actual file, or saving the changed buffer and thereby changing the file on disk. One advantage of that over {\tt translit} is that you are able to edit, convert back and forth, and edit the file again in one application. The encodings available are:\\ \par \begin{tabular}{ll} 8koi& KOI-8 RFC 1489 = old KOI-8 GOST 19768-74 with {\cyr \"e} and {\cyr \"E} \\ & CAPITAL IO added, used in relcom.* newsgroups and much of e-mail\\ 7koi& KOI-7 \\ alt & {\cyr Al{\cprime}ternativny\u{i} Variant} = MS DOS code page CP 866\\ gostcii& ISO 8859-5\\ osn & {\cyr Osnovno\u{i} Variant} (the only difference in the Cyrillic\\ & range between this standard and GOSTCII is {\cyr \"E})\\ cp1251 & MS Windows code page CP 1251\\ mac & Macintosh standard\\ dkoi & DKOI-8 (Russian EBCDIC) GOST 19768-87, obscure\\ cp500 & Code page CECP 500, obscure\\ ebcdic & EBCDIC GOST 19768-74, obscure\\ ascii & American keyboard, phonetic transliteration, probably, the most natural keyboard layout\\ jcuken & Russian typewriter keyboard layout, used in some TrueType fonts for MS Windows\\ libcon & Library of Congress transliteration standard\\ %\end{tabular} %\newpage %\begin{tabular}{ll} naive & The most common transliteration\\ broken-8koi& This is what some mailers/gateways do to your email to/from Russia\\ ascii2 & One more transliteration, without {\cyr \"e, \"E, \Cdprime}\\ \end{tabular}\\ \par So how do you actually use it? {\tt M-x russian-display} sets the standard display table so that you can see russian characters encoded according to various standards. The actual file or a buffer won't change, only the way of presenting it. Using {\tt M-x russian-translate-region} and {\tt M-x russian-translate-buffer} -- which will prompt you for the current encoding and the target encoding -- you can translate the contents of the buffer into various encodings. \par You can even conveniently edit the buffer. {\tt M-x russian-insert-mode} will toggle a mode which, when it's on, will cause emacs to translate characters you type in into corresponding sequence in the default encoding. For example, typing {\tt a} will result in the display of {\tt $\backslash$\null 301} if KOI-8 is the current encoding. \par \noindent Other functions available are:\\ \par \begin{tabular}{ll} {\tt M-x russian-undisplay}& Turns russian display mode off \\ {\tt M-x set-buffer}& Set new encoding of the buffer \\ {\tt M-x set-keyboard}& Set new keyboard (ascii and jcuken are available) \\ {\tt M-x set-mode}& Set insertion mode \\ {\tt M-x set-font}& Set font or transliteration\\ \end{tabular} \\ \par \noindent We suggest you experiment with these functions to really learn what they mean and how you can put them to use. \subsection{Getting a hard copy}\label{sec:a2ps} Now, if you have already gotten a Cyrillic document that you want to print, what do you do? Sure, you can {\tt translit} it into \LaTeX{}, and then \LaTeX{} it and print it; but there's an easier way to print out files in KOI-8, the most common format (if you have a file in another format, you can always just {\tt translit} it into KOI-8) -- the program is {\tt a2ps} in the {\tt russian-club} locker. This is not a supplement for \LaTeX{} or {\tt mule}, rather a complement. \LaTeX{} is very good to typeset complex documents with Cyrillic in it, {\tt mule} is fine to type simple Cyrillic documents, and {\tt a2ps}, is just what you need to quickly get a hard copy of an already existing Cyrillic document. \par The command {\tt a2ps} converts the KOI-8 file into PostScript, the language that Athena laser printers understand; the PostScript can then be fed to the printer to produce the desired hard copy, so a command to print a KOI-8 file will look like this:\\ {\tt a2ps [{\em options}] {\em filename} | lpr -P{\em printer}}\\ This utility has many features (such as printing in landscape mode, numbering lines, framing the output, etc.) that can be enabled by a number of options; read the man page to figure out which ones suit you most. The following two combination of options are the most useful; the first prints the KOI-8 files in portrait mode without any extra features or information (just like {\tt lpr} for plain text files), and the second one prints two pages on one, in landscape mode. Here they are: \begin{verbatim} a2ps -8 -b -f -p -ns -nh -nn a2ps -8 -b -f -np -ns -nn -nh \end{verbatim} Note that {\tt -8} option will be necessary always to keep that famous 8th bit intact. \section{Communicating with other users} \subsection{Zephyr}\label{sec:zephyr} There are two parts to communicating in Cyrillic via Zephyr: sending and receiving. To be able to successfully receive Zephyrgrams on your X display, you only need to have Cyrillic X fonts in your path, which is achieved by either issuing the three {\tt xset} commands mentioned above at your {\tt athena\%} prompt, or putting them in {\tt .Xresources} file. \par \paragraph{Displaying transliteration} You will not be able to receive Cyrillic while on dialup, but there is a way to make the Cyrillic Zephyrgrams appear in transliteration (rather than garbage) when you are not on an X display, or when some (poorly written, no doubt) X application you are running complains about fonts {\em and exits}. You will need to edit your {\tt .zwgc.desc}\footnote{If you don't have a {\tt .zwgc.desc} in your home directory, you may get the default Athena one by {\tt cp}'ing it from {\tt /usr/athena/lib/zephyr/zwgc.desc}; or you can copy the default Athena file with customizations for Cyrillic already made from {\tt /mit/russian-club/src/zwgc/zwgc.desc.default}} file; it is the file which tells Zephyr how you want Zephyrgrams to look on your screen\footnote{For more information, check out {\em Inessential Zephyr} from SIPB}. The code below is also available by itself, within a default {\tt .zwgc.desc} file, and within an example of a customized file -- one of the authors' personal -- in {\tt /mit/russian-club/src/zwgc}. \par In the beginning of the file, insert \begin{verbatim} set xsession = getenv ("XSESSION") set machtype = getenv ("HOSTTYPE") execport "transp" "sh" "-c" "ls /tmp | grep dotrans" set translitp = (get ("transp") != "") closeport "transp" \end{verbatim} Then go to the place in the file where the format of a generic Zephyrgram is specified. For most users, the place is right after the line {\tt fields signature body}, and you should have no trouble finding that in your {\tt .zwgc.desc}; if your {\tt .zwgc.desc} is hacked beyond recognition, we think that you have enough expertise to decide where to put the following code. \begin{verbatim} if (upcase($opcode) == "AHOOY" & ($xsession=="" | $translitp)) then execport "transport" "/afs/athena.mit.edu/activity/r/russian-club/"+\$machtype+"bin/translit" "/afs/athena.mit.edu/activity/r/russian-club/lib/tables/koi8-lc" put "transport" $body closeoutput "transport" set body="" set stroka=get ("transport") while ($stroka!="") do set body = $body+$stroka set stroka=get ("transport") endwhile closeport "transport" # Comment out next portion if you don't want to waste # extra time on processing sigs execport "transport" "/afs/athena.mit.edu/activity/r/russian-club/"+\$machtype+"bin/translit" "/afs/athena.mit.edu/activity/r/russian-club/lib/tables/koi8-lc" put "transport" $signature closeoutput "transport" set signature="" set stroka=get ("transport") while ($stroka!="") do set signature = $signature+$stroka set stroka=get ("transport") endwhile closeport "transport" # If you are commenting code out, stop here endif \end{verbatim} That's it. Save your file; and do {\tt zctl wg\_read} to effect the changes during your current session. The additions we just made work as follows. If you run a teletype-style session (for example, on dialup), the zephyrgrams coming in Cyrillic will automagically be displayed in appropriate transliteration. If you are on an X display, you may toggle between displaying transliteration and Cyrillic by respectively creating and removing file {\tt /tmp/dotrans} on your local workstation. When you log in, there is no such file by default, and you get Cyrillic Zephyrgrams. If you create the file -- very easily done by doing {\tt touch /tmp/dotrans} -- subsequently incoming Cyrillic Zephyrgrams will be displayed in transliteration, until you again remove the file. You can just set up two aliases (and put them into your {\tt .cshrc.mine} for such toggling between displays, for example as follows: \begin{verbatim} alias trans "touch /tmp/dotrans" alias cyr "rm /tmp/dotrans" \end{verbatim} \paragraph{Sending} Sending is very easy. Just {\tt add russian-club} (put this command in your {\tt .environment} to automate the process for each login). You are now able to use a command called {\tt cwrite}. It takes mostly the same arguments as {\tt zwrite}, so it should be very easy to use (type {\tt cwrite} without arguments at your command prompt to see the options it takes). For your convenience, you input the transliteration of Cyrillic letters and words, and the {\tt cwrite} takes care of converting them to appropriate fonts. To force it to send something not converted -- that is, to insert Latin text in a Cyrillic message -- include Latin text in braces when inputing it into {\tt cwrite}. \subsection{E-mail} So you say it would be nice to communicate in Cyrillic via e-mail? Indeed, it would be, but there are some obstacles. KOI-8 is the de facto standard for e-mail in Russia, and when KOI-8 passes into the mostly 7-bit Western e-mail system the 8-th bit is (usually) stripped leaving the Russian text in KOI-7, as Western networks do not (again, {\em usually}) support 8th bit. That may be annoying, but is not really a barrier, as you have {\tt translit} program that can handle KOI-8--KOI-7 conversion. \par But do you want to go through the hassle of this conversion when sending e-mail? It is true that for your correspondents in the countries with Cyrillic alphabet it may be easier to write that way. However, for you we suggest two approaches: if you are writing to your correspondent in .su (or .ru, or .ua, or another Eastern Europe) domain, convert your file to KOI-7 and send it. Of course, this method is not entirely suitable for documents that have both Cyrillic and Latin characters. For those documents an option is to use another reversible 8-7 bit encoding (such as the good old {\tt uuencode}). However, if the person you are writing to is to the 7 bit side of the ``7 vs. 8 bit barrier'', we suggest the Library of Congress transliteration method as it is more easily read in e-mail. \section{Where to seek and find (and not to yield) more information} SIPB documents can be very helpful for learning \LaTeX{} or about X resources. As we mentioned before, there will be a new document, {\em Inessential Foreign Languages}, coming soon to the SIPB document racks. To learn how to install Cyrillic fonts on your system, read the documentation in /mit/russian-club/doc. For more information about Cyrillic fonts for X, try this URL: {\tt http://sunsite.oit.unc.edu/sergei/cysoft.html}. There are also man pages available for most of the programs described here, and additional information can be found in /mit/russian-club/doc directory. \par Various software (fonts, editors, word-processing programs, etc.) for various platforms (VAX, MS-DOS, MS Windows, Mac, various VT terminals etc.) and documentation is available from the following sites: \begin{verbatim} gopher://sunsite.oit.unc.edu/11/.pub/academic/russian-studies/Software ftp://ftp.cs.umd.edu/pub/Cyrillic http://www.pitt.edu/~cjp/rssoft.html \end{verbatim} \par You can also come by the SIPB office (W20-557) or call us (253-7788). You can also e-mail your comments, bug reports and questions on the use of Cyrillic on Athena to {\em SovInformBuro@MIT.EDU}. As a lot of stuff described in this manual was only recently installed on Athena and not sufficiently tested, we welcome your bug reports. \par In addition, visit the sites recommended in Section \ref{sec:www}. \section{Acknowledgments} We would like to thank Roustem Akhiarov, Sergey Ryzhkov, Lev Belov, Serge Vakulenko ({\em vak@kiae.su}) and Vadim Maslov ({\em vadik@cs.umd.edu}), for designing and developing KOI-8 and ALT fonts for X Window System; Jan Labanowski ({\em jkl@osc.edu}), for writing {\tt translit}; Miguel Santana ({\em miguel@imag.imag.fr}) for writing {\tt a2ps}; Valery Alexeev ({\em ava@math.jhu.edu}) for writing the conversion utility for Emacs 19, and the people at the American Mathematical Society who created the Cyrillic fonts for \LaTeX{}. Thanks are due also to Mike Decerbo ({\em mike@mit.edu}) for designing some useful conversion tables for {\tt translit} and some valuable input that was incorporated in this document, to Calvin Clark ({\em ckclark@mit.edu}) for providing info on {\tt mule} and maintaining the {\bf babel} locker, and to Boris Berdnikov ({\em berdn@mit.edu}) who convinced us of ther need for the new release of the document, and proofread this new release. We are also thankful to the {\tt relcom.*} community for random but valuable pieces of information. \par This manual has been brought to you by the number 37. \appendix \chapter{Cyrillic alphabet} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{||c|c||}\hline Cyrillic & \LaTeX{} (inside {\tt \{$\backslash$cyr \}}) \\ \hline {\cyr A a}& A a \\ {\cyr B b}& B b \\ {\cyr V v}& V v \\ {\cyr G g}& G G\\ {\cyr D d}& D d\\ {\cyr E e}& E e\\ {\cyr \"E \"e}& $\backslash$"E $\backslash$"e \\ {\cyr Zh zh}& Zh zh\\ {\cyr Z z}& Z z\\ {\cyr I i}& I i\\ {\cyr \u{I} \u{i}}& $\backslash$u\{I\} $\backslash$u\{i\}\\ &(or $\backslash$u\{I\} $\backslash$u$\backslash$i) \\ {\cyr K k}& K k\\ {\cyr L l}& L l\\ {\cyr M m}& M m\\ {\cyr N n}& N n\\ {\cyr O o}& O o\\ {\cyr P p}& P p\\ {\cyr R r}& R r\\ {\cyr S s}& S s\\ {\cyr T t}& T t\\ {\cyr U u}& U u\\ {\cyr F f}& F f\\ {\cyr H h}& H h\\ {\cyr C c}& C c (or Ts ts)\\ {\cyr Ch ch}& Ch ch (or Q q)\\ {\cyr Sh sh}& Sh sh (or X x)\\ {\cyr Shch shch}& W w (or Shch shch, Xq xq)\\ {\cyr \Cdprime\ \cdprime}& $\backslash$Cdprime $\backslash$cdprime\\ {\cyr Y y}& Y y\\ {\cyr \Cprime\ \cprime}& $\backslash$Cprime $\backslash$cprime\\ {\cyr \`E \`e}& $\backslash$`E $\backslash$`e\\ {\cyr Yu yu}& Yu yu\\ {\cyr Ya ya}& Ya ya\\ \hline \end{tabular} \end{center} Note what is an annoying misfeature here: a very common digraph {\cyr t\null s} is not represented by {\tt ts}, because the latter is reserved for the representation of {\cyr c}. To write {\cyr t\null s} use {\tt t$\backslash$null s}. \chapter{Keyboard layouts} \begin{tabular}{||c|c|c|||c|c|c||} \hline \hline English& Russian& Mixed& English& Russian& Mixed\\ (QWERTY)& ({\cyr \u{I}CUKEN})& ({\cyr YaVERTY})& (QWERTY)& ({\cyr \u{I}CUKEN})& ({\cyr YaVERTY})\\ \hline q Q& {\cyr \u\i\ \u{I}}& {\cyr ya Ya}& m M& {\cyr \cprime\ \Cprime}& {\cyr m M}\\ w W& {\cyr c C}& {\cyr v V}& {\tt [} \{ &{\cyr h H}&{\cyr x X}\\ e E& {\cyr u U}& {\cyr e e}& {\tt ]} \} &{\cyr \cdprime\ \Cdprime}&{\cyr w W}\\ r R& {\cyr k K}& {\cyr r R}& ; :& {\cyr zh Zh} &\\ t T& {\cyr e E}& {\cyr t T}& ' "& {\cyr \`e \`E} &\\ y Y& {\cyr n N}& {\cyr y Y}& , {\tt <}& {\cyr b B}& \\ u U& {\cyr g G}& {\cyr u U}& . {\tt >}& {\cyr yu Yu}& \\ i I& {\cyr x X}& {\cyr i I}& ` $\sim$ & & {\cyr yu Yu}\\ o O& {\cyr w W}& {\cyr o O}& 3 \# && {\cyr 3 \cdprime}\\ p P& {\cyr z Z}& {\cyr p P}& 4 \$ & 4 " & \\ a A& {\cyr f F}& {\cyr a A}& 5 \% & 5 : & \\ s S& {\cyr y Y}& {\cyr s S}& 6 \^{}& 6 , & \\ d D& {\cyr v V}& {\cyr d D}& 7 \& & 7 . & \\ f F& {\cyr a A}& {\cyr f F}& = +& & {\cyr q Q}\\ g G& {\cyr p P}& {\cyr g G}&$\backslash$ |& & {\cyr \`e \`E}\\ h H& {\cyr r R}& {\cyr h H}&&&\\ j J& {\cyr o O}& {\cyr \u\i\ \u{I}}&&&\\ k K& {\cyr l L}& {\cyr k K}&&&\\ l L& {\cyr d D}& {\cyr l L}&&&\\ z Z& {\cyr ya Ya}& {\cyr z Z}&&&\\ x X& {\cyr q Q}& {\cyr \cprime\ \Cprime}&&&\\ c C& {\cyr s S}& {\cyr c C}&&&\\ v V& {\cyr m M}& {\cyr zh Zh}&&&\\ b B& {\cyr i I}& {\cyr b B}&&&\\ n N& {\cyr t T}& {\cyr n N}&&&\\ % m M& {\cyr \cprime\ \Cprime}& {\cyr m M}&&&\\ % {\tt [} \{ &{\cyr h H}& {\cyr x X}&&&\\ % {\tt ]} \} &{\cyr \cdprime\ \Cdprime}&{\cyr w W}&&&\\ % ; :& {\cyr zh Zh}&&& \\ % ' "& {\cyr \`e \`E}&&& \\ % , {\tt <}& {\cyr b B}&&& \\ % . {\tt >}& {\cyr yu Yu}&&& \\ % ` $\sim$ & & {\cyr yu Yu}&&&\\ % 3 \# & & {\cyr 3 \cdprime}&&&\\ % 4 \$ & 4 " & \\ % 5 \% & 5 : & \\ % 6 \^{}& 6 , & \\ % 7 \& & 7 . & \\ % = +& & {\cyr q Q}\\ % $\backslash$ |& & {\cyr \`e \`E}\\ \hline \end{tabular} \chapter{Available fonts list} \begin{tabular}{llllllll} koi-8& koi10x20& koi12x24& cour12& cour24& cour10& cour14& cour08\\ cour18& koi10x16b& koi8x8& time08i& menu12& time18i& courcc01& menu10\\ courcc02& courcc03& time08b& courbc01& time18b& courbc02& courbc03& time12i\\ time24i& time10i& courac01& time14b& courac02& courac03& time12b& time24b\\ time14i& time10b& term14d& term10n& cour12b& cour24b& cour14o& term14b\\ cour10b& term10d& term14n& cour10o& term10b& cour14b& cour12o& cour24o\\ cour08b& term18n& courec01& cour18b& courec02& courec03& term18d& cour18o\\ courdc01& term18b& courdc02& cour08o& courdc03& helvec04& helvec05& helvec06\\ helvec01& helvec02& helvec03& helvdc04& 851401& helvdc05& helvdc06& helvdc01\\ helvdc02& helvdc03& helvcc04& helvcc05& helvcc06& helvcc01& helvcc02& helvcc03\\ helvac04& helvac05& helvac06& helvac01& helvac02& helvac03& helv08& koi6x13\\ helv18& koi6x10& helv12& helv24& helv10& helv14& koi8x13& koi8x16\\ koi8x14& koi9x15& avan18bo& cour18bo& avan08do& avan08bo& cour08bo& avan18do\\ term18bn& term18bd& term14bn& avan10bo& cour10bo& avan12do& avan24do& term14bd\\ avan12bo& avan24bo& cour12bo& cour24bo& avan10do& term10bn& avan14bo& cour14bo\\ term10bd& avan14do& helv10bo& time14bi& helv12bo& helv24bo& helv14bo& time10bi\\ time12bi& time24bi& helv18bo& helv08bo& time18bi& time08bi& term14& term10\\ term18& time08& time18& time14& time12& time24& time10& tmsrbc02\\ tmsrec04& tmsrec05& tmsrec06& tmsrec01& tmsrec02& tmsrec03& helv08b& helv18b\\ helv18o& helv08o& helv12b& helv24b& helv14o& helv10b& helv10o& helv14b\\ helv12o& helv24o& avan10d& avan12b& avan24b& avan12d& avan24d& avan10b\\ avan14d& avan14b& avan18d& avan08b& avan08d& avan18b& koinil2& crox2ho\\ crox2hb& crox1ho& crox4hbo& crox3hb& crox1cbo& crox1cb& crox2co& crox4hb\\ crox3co& crox5hb& crox2cbo& crox6ho& crox3cb& crox6hb& crox5ho& crox6hbo\\ crox2cb& crox1co& crox3cbo& crox4ho& crox6tb& crox1hbo& crox5to& crox4to\\ crox4tb& crox5tb& crox6to& crox2tb& crox1to& crox3hbo& crox3tb& crox2hbo\\ crox3to& crox1tb& crox2to\\ \end{tabular} \end{document}