% Copyright 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 % by the Student Information Processing Board (SIPB) % of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). % % The use and redistribution of this Inessential Guide to LaTeX % is hereby granted with the following restrictions: % * Non-local bugs should be reported back to the SIPB % (please send email to bug-sipb@mit.edu). % * The use of any portion of this guide must be accredited to the SIPB. % * The use of this document in its entirety (except for local changes % and additions) must maintain the credits, name, and logo of the % SIPB and the Inessential Guide to LaTeX. \documentstyle[11pt,ifthen,fancyheadings,twoside]{report} % The styles in the above line require the following lines in .environment: % attach sipb % setenv TEXINPUTS .:/mit/sipb/lib/tex/macros:/usr/athena/lib/tex/macros % The ifthen macro is for ``page layout parameters'' figure. % Revision notes %\def\$#1${{#1}} % Kluge: collect RCS revision info without $...$ %\xdef\manvers{\$Revision: 3.3 $} % For use in headers, footers too \def\revision{Revision: 4.0} % Note: the RCS version is now ``version.incremental'' so if you begin % revision 5, you should ``ci -u -r5.0 guide.tex'' the first time you % check in the document; afterwards, just ``ci -u guide.tex''. % Revision 4 - R. J. Barbalace 7/13/93 - not yet complete % Revision 3 - [eichin:19910828.0352EST] % Revision 2 - Chee Chew 10/22/90 % Revision 1 - R. French 10/3/89 % Project begun {4/25/87} % Trademarks and copyright symbols \def\trademark{$^{\scriptscriptstyle {\rm TM}}$} \def\SCRIBE{Scribe} \def\PS{PostScript} \def\TEX{\TeX} \def\LATEX{\LaTeX} \def\PICTEX{Pic\TeX{}} \def\SIPB{SIPB} %\def\LW{LaserWriter} %\def\LPS{Digital LPS40} %\def\LN03R{Digital LN03R} % Standard settings for this document - guidemacros.sty is not used. \setlength{\evensidemargin}{0pt} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{0pt} \setlength{\topmargin}{-24pt} \setlength{\headheight}{14pt} \setlength{\headsep}{24pt} \setlength{\textwidth}{6.5in} \setlength{\textheight}{8.5in} \setlength{\parskip}{.1in} % Set headers and footers \pagestyle{fancy} \lhead{} \chead{\large Inessential \LaTeX{}} \rhead{} \setlength{\headrulewidth}{0in} \lfoot{MIT SIPB} \rfoot{\revision} % Section modifications \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3} % subsubsections are numbered \setcounter{tocdepth}{3} % subsubsections are listed in toc \renewcommand{\thesection}{\arabic{section}} \renewcommand{\thesubsection}{\thesection.\arabic{subsection}} \renewcommand{\thefigure}{\arabic{figure}} \renewcommand{\theequation}{\arabic{equation}} % Special text style commands \newcommand{\prompt}{{\bf athena{\tt\%}} } % Athena prompt \newcommand{\user}[1]{``{\verb+#1+}''} % Style for user input \newcommand{\command}[1]{\verb+#1+} % Style for commands and names % PSbox allows a PostScript figure to be inserted into the file. % The special command contains the name of the file % (which is considered by LaTeX to be of zero width and height). % The hspace command specifies the width of the image. % The rule command specifies the height of the image. % The mbox command allocates a rectangular box of the appropriate size. % PSbox is a fragile command. \newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\mbox{\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}\rule{0pt}{#3}}} % Describe title page % Allow symbol footnote for title \def\thefootnote{\fnsymbol{footnote}} \title {% Sipb Owl Logo \vspace{-1in} \PSbox{fancy-owl.ps}{200pt}{200pt} \vspace{1in}\\ {\huge Inessential \LaTeX{}% \thanks{Copyright \copyright\ 1994 Student Information Processing Board of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology}} \\ {\small (\revision)} \\ {\Huge\bf BLEED ON ME} } \author{\large{\bf The Student Information Processing Board}\\\\ {\small Robert S. French}\\ {\small Chee H. Chew}\\ {\small Mark W. Eichin}\\ {\small Richard J. Barbalace} } % End of Preamble \begin{document} % Title page \maketitle \def\thefootnote{\arabic{footnote}} % Return to arabic footnotes \newpage % Table of Contents \pagenumbering{roman} \tableofcontents \newpage % List of Figures \listoffigures \newpage \pagenumbering{arabic} % Start of document \section{Introduction} \subsection{What is text processing?} The process of designing a written work on a computer, called text processing, is usually achieved in one of two ways. With a typical {\em word processor}, menus present features for changing the {\em appearance\/} of text, with visible results being displayed immediately. Text is processed as it is being written to change font sizes and styles, include charts and tables, etc. ``What you see is what you get'' and you are generally limited to the choices in the menus. The second method of text processing involves a two-step process in which text and embedded commands are first written using an editor and are then processed with a {\em text-formatting program}. The formatting commands specify the {\em logical structure\/} of the text, not merely its visual appearance. The text and commands must be processed by the text-formatting program before the visible results can be previewed and printed. This more powerful method of writing allows for greater flexibility and ease when composing large or complex documents. \subsection{What is \LaTeX{}?} \LaTeX{} is a text-processing program recommended by \SIPB{} as an alternative to EZ, Framemaker, and \SCRIBE{}. \LaTeX{} was created as a typographic designer for producing scientific and technical books and documents, and is based on the \TeX{} typesetting program. Because of its ease in formatting complex mathematical equations and tables and its power in organizing the structure of a document, \LaTeX{} has come into standard usage throughout much of the typesetting industry. \subsection{Why use \LaTeX{}?} \LaTeX{} is a more powerful and flexible program than either \SCRIBE{}\footnote{Since \SCRIBE{} was desupported by Athena, you will encounter many problems if you try to use it. Not only will you have trouble finding a workstation on which you can run it, few people remember enough about \SCRIBE{} to be able to help you should you have difficulties.} or EZ.\footnote{EZ is improving, but \LaTeX{} has been used to write textbooks and theses, neither of which EZ is stable or powerful enough to handle.} At first glance \LaTeX{} is not as simplistic and straightforward as \SCRIBE{} or EZ. However, producing well-formatted technical papers is so much easier with \LaTeX{} that is it well worth the effort to learn how to use it. For example, \LaTeX{} has a very powerful math typesetting facility, which makes mathematical papers easy to write and correct. \LaTeX{} can generate documents in foreign languages complete with accents and non-English characters, such as the German {\ss} character. Also because \LaTeX{} (along with \TeX{}) is a standard system in many parts of the typesetting world, once you learn to use it you will have the advantage of knowing a system that can be used almost everywhere. Framemaker appears to be a good option for some large projects, but is still new and unstable. \LaTeX{} can be easier to use for writing most papers, and more people will be able to assist you in using it. Thus the \SIPB{} encourages and supports the use of \LaTeX{}. There are manuals available for use in the \SIPB{} office, and you're welcome to drop by the office anytime with questions. \section{Getting Started} This section describes how to prepare a simple paper in the standard way for processing by \LaTeX{}. All the information here is also presented in more detail elsewhere in this guide. This section should provide you with ``the short form'' to using \LaTeX{}. Before using \LaTeX{}, you should be familiar with the Athena computer system. For basic information on Athena, read the free {\em Getting Started on Athena\/} guide available from Graphic Arts (11-004) and the {\em Inessential Guide to Athena\/} available in the \SIPB{} office (W20-557). The essential steps for producing a paper are writing the source file (text and embedded commands) using an editor, processing the file with \LaTeX{}, previewing the typeset output, and finally printing the final draft. You will likely want to run \LaTeX{} several times while writing and correcting your document. Previewing the typeset paper at your workstation allows you to see the output and correct mistakes without wasting paper and your print quota. The first thing you need to do is to create your \LaTeX{} source file. This file contains all the text for your paper as well as \LaTeX{} commands (to be described shortly). You can use any editor you wish to create the file; documentation on how to use text editors is available from Graphic Arts. The most popular text editor on Athena is \user{emacs}; for information on using this program, read the {\em Essential Emacs\/} guide available from Graphic Arts. You can name your \LaTeX{} file anything you wish; the only requirement is that the filename should end with the four characters \user{.tex} to show that it is a \LaTeX{} or \TeX{} file.\footnote{The \user{emacs} editor will automatically go into ``LaTeX'' mode when it recognizes your \user{.tex} file is a \LaTeX{} file; this mode makes editting the file easier.} The general format of a \LaTeX{} file is shown in the following example. % The following five lines make the sample file easier to read. \vspace{-\baselineskip} % Eliminate extra blank line \begin{quotation} % Format document as a quotation \noindent % Avoid indenting first paragraph \hrule % Set quotation off by horizontal rule \begin{verbatim} \documentstyle[doublespace,fullpage]{article} \title{A Sample Paper} \author{Melissa I. Thompson} \date{\today} \begin{document} \maketitle It was a dark and stormy night, and all of the Athena fileservers had crashed. Poor me, I had to write a paper for one of my Hass-D classes. Luckily, I was able to use a {\em wonderful} text formatting program called \LaTeX, and everything worked out fine. \end{document} \end{verbatim} \end{quotation} \hrule % Set quotation off by horizontal rule ``What does all that mean?'' I hear you cry. Here is a description of each part. \begin{itemize} \item The first line of every \LaTeX{} file contains a \verb+\documentstyle+ command. This command tells \LaTeX{} the {\em general style\/} of your document as well as the {\em optional styles\/} you wish to use. The word between curly braces (\verb+{+ and \verb+}+) is the main style, and the comma-separated list between square brackets (\verb+[+ and \verb+]+) are the optional styles. \verb+article+ is a general-purpose short paper style. The \verb+doublespace+ optional style tells \LaTeX{} to doublespace your paper, and the \verb+fullpage+ option says to set the margins so you have one inch of blank space on all sides. These and other styles are discussed in later sections. \item The \verb+\title+, \verb+\author+, and \verb+\date+ commands specify respectively the title name, the author, and the date of the paper. These definitions are used by the \verb+\maketitle+ command to produce the title page. The \verb+\today+ command gives today's date. \item The \verb+\begin{document}+ command signals the end of the {\em preamble\/} and the start of the {\em body\/} of your document. The preamble must contain at least the \verb+\documentstyle+ command, but also may contain commands for specifying the title, margins, page numbering, page headers and footers, styles for chapter headings, and similar information used throughout the document. The body of the document contains all of the text of the paper, usually subdivided into structural units like chapters and sections. \item The \verb+\maketitle+ is usually the first line after \verb+\begin{document}+ and creates the title page based on the information provided in the preamble. Commands for generating a table of contents, a list of figures, or a list of tables may follow the title; these are described in later sections. \item Two paragraphs follow the title. \LaTeX{} will automatically indent the paragraphs and justify the text so that the paper will appear professionally typeset. You do not have to worry about how much space you put between words or paragraphs, as \LaTeX{} will adjust the spacing properly. \item The second paragraph contains two commands. The \verb+\em+ will place emphasis on the word {\em wonderful\/} by setting it in italics just like that. The \verb+\LaTeX+ produces the special symbol \LaTeX{}. Other formatting commands are described in later sections. \item The \verb+\end{document}+ command is the last line of every \LaTeX{} document and matches the \verb+\begin{document}+ to signal the end of the body. \end{itemize} You should notice that all commands begin with a backslash (\verb+\+), and that most of them require arguments contained by curly braces. A few commands can be given optional arguments contained by square brackets. Notice also that a typical long paper will contain mostly the text of the body, with just a few embedded commands to specify all that \LaTeX{} needs to know to typeset it. Once you have written a source file like the example above, you would run \LaTeX{} to produce formatted output which you could then preview or print out. Say you wrote the sample document in \user{emacs} and saved it as \user{example.tex}. You would then enter \user{latex example} at your \prompt prompt to process the source file. If you wished to preview the document, you would enter \user{xdvi example} at your prompt, which would bring up a window displaying the document exactly as it would look if printed out.\footnote{The \user{xdvi} program requires that you are using an X workstation (any of the public Athena machines will do). More information about this program appears later.} You could go back and edit your document, run \LaTeX{} again, and preview it until you were satisfied with the results. Finally, you could print out your final draft by entering \user{dvips example} at your prompt.\footnote{Running \user{dvips} requires that you \user{add sipb} first. More information about this program appears later.} The guide which you are now reading was created by this very process, which is described in greater depth in the next two sections. \section{Creating your Document} For \LaTeX{} to know how to typeset your document, you must provide some information first. This section describes what commands you need to place in a file before running \LaTeX{}. \subsection{Preamble} The {\em preamble\/} contains all of the global style commands for a document. It must contain at least the \verb+\documentstyle+ command to specify the general style of the document, but also may contain commands for specifying the title, margins, page numbering, page headers and footers, styles for chapter headings, and similar information used throughout the entire document. \subsubsection{In the Beginning\ldots} A typical file, such as a term paper, will begin like this: \begin{verbatim} \documentstyle{article} \begin{document} \end{verbatim} This tells \LaTeX{} the following things: \begin{itemize} \item This example is an \verb+article+. The \verb+article+ style may be used for any kind of standard paper. An \verb+article+ is shorter than a \verb+report+.\footnote{This \LaTeX{} guide is a \verb+report+.} The \verb+book+ style exists for writing full-length books. These options control how the section headings and tables of contents and similar features appear. \item The main text is printed in a 10 point font by default. There are several text sizes available: 10, 11, and 12 point.\footnote{This \LaTeX{} guide is printed in 11 point.} The various {\em type sizes\/} within a document are relative to this {\em base size\/}, as described in subsection~\ref{subsec:typ}. If no base size is specified, 10 point is assumed. To change to a base size of 11 point or 12 point, change the document style with an optional parameter (placed inside square braces) before the general style, like this: \begin{verbatim} \documentstyle[11pt]{article} \end{verbatim} \end{itemize} There are many other optional parameters which can be used, some of which will be mentioned later. They are all contained by square brackets, and are separated by commas, with no spaces in between. For example: \begin{verbatim} \documentstyle[11pt,doublespace,twoside]{report} \end{verbatim} These styles set the document as an 11 point, double-spaced, double-sided report.\footnote{The paper is printed single-sided but the printers will line up the margins correctly so you can photocopy onto both sides of the paper. To print double-sided, see the section on printing your document below.} These optional parameters can appear in any order. The space between the \verb+\documentstyle+ and the \verb+\begin{document}+ commands is called the {\em header area\/} or {\em preamble}. Various control parameters (discussed later), such as the layout of the title page, can go here. The actual text of your document begins after the \verb+\begin{document}+ command. \subsubsection{Optional Parameters} There are many optional parameters which may be included in the \verb+\documentstyle+ line, as in the example above. Some common ones are:\footnote{Those marked with a ${}^{\dagger}$ require a special TEXINPUTS environment variable discussed in Section~\ref{texinputs}.} \begin{description} \item[doublespace] Causes the document to be doublespaced and defines the \verb+\doublespace+ and the \verb+\singlespace+ commands for changing document spacing. \item[fullpage$^{\dagger}$] Sets all margins to one inch, the easiest way to specify normal margins.\footnote{Both fullpage and simplemargins (see below) are explained in detail in Section~\ref{sec:margins}.} \item[simplemargins$^{\dagger}$] Enables commands to simplify modifying the margins. This gives more flexibility than \verb+fullpage+ but takes a little more effort to use. \item[twocolumn] Prints text in two vertical columns, side by side. \item[quiet] Tells \LaTeX{} to run in ``quiet'' mode, suppressing certain warning messages. \end{description} If you are working on something special, you can use \PS{} fonts instead of the default \TEX{} fonts. However, for papers and most other written work, you will probably not want to use these. \begin{description} % these require /mit/sipb/lib/tex/fonts - PS fonts can't be shown in xdvi \item[avantgarde] For the Avant Garde font. \item[bookman] For the Bookman font. \item[chancery] For the ZapfChancery font. \item[helvetica] For the Helvetica font. \item[ncs] For the New Century Schoolbook font. \item[pal] For the Palatino font. \item[times] For the Times font. \end{description} \subsubsection{Other Specifications} \subsection{Title Page} To put a title page into a document, you could type the following: \begin{verbatim} \documentstyle{report} \title{Inessential \LaTeX} \author{The Student Information Processing Board} \date{\today} \begin{document} \maketitle \end{verbatim} Creating a title page is a two-step process in \LaTeX{}. First you give {in the preamble} the information you want on the title page, and then you tell \LaTeX{} {in the body} to make the actual title page. The \verb+\title+, \verb+\author+, and \verb+\date+ commands do not generate text---they merely specify what \verb+\maketitle+ will place on the title page. Any or all of these commands may be omitted. In the \verb+article+ document style, the title ``page'' is at the top of the first page of the document; to put the title ``page'' on a physical page by itself, place a \verb+\newpage+ command after the \verb+\maketitle+. In the \verb+report+ and \verb+book+ styles, the title page is on a separate physical page at the beginning of the document. \label{sec:docstyle} \LaTeX{} will automatically number pages, but often you will not want a page number on the title page. To eliminate the page number on the first page, put a \verb+\thispagestyle{empty}+ command before the \verb+\maketitle+. You can number pages alphabetically or with Roman numerals, and even change the current page number. For example, you may want the Table of Contents to be numbered with Roman numerals, and the rest of your paper in standard Arabic numerals, like in this guide. See the section of the \LaTeX{} manual on page styles for information on how to change page numbering. \subsection{Table of Contents} Longer papers and books may have a Table of Contents. \LaTeX{} will automatically generate such a table if you give a \verb+\tableofcontents+ command in your document, which is usually placed right after the \verb+\maketitle+ command. The Table of Contents is based on the information provided by {\em sectioning commands\/} like \verb+\chapter+ and \verb+\subsection+ which are described later. A List of Figures and a List of Tables can be generated in the same manner by the \verb+\listoffigures+ and \verb+\listoftables+ commands. \subsection{Body} The body of the document can be normal text. Paragraphs are separated by completely blank lines or by the \verb+\par+ command. \paragraph{Special characters} When entering normal text, you must watch out for a few things. Some characters are reserved for commands to \LaTeX{}, and are treated as such unless you tell \LaTeX{} to treat them as normal characters. To use the characters \begin{verbatim} # $ % & _ { } \end{verbatim} outside of a \verb+verbatim+ environment (see section~\ref{sec:group} for more information on environments), you must precede them with a backslash (\verb+\+), like this: \begin{verbatim} \# \$ \% \& \_ \{ \} \end{verbatim} These characters are also reserved: \begin{verbatim} ~ ^ \ \end{verbatim} Often, if you think you want one of these characters, you probably want to do something else. \begin{itemize} \item \verb+~+ can be produced in several ways. If you want a tilde over a character, like \~{n}, you can type \verb+\~{n}+ or if you want a mathematical $\sim$ you can type \verb+$\sim$+ (which stands for {\em sim}\/ilar to). More often you will want the $\sim$ within another math expression anyhow; for more detail see section~\ref{sec:math} below. \item \verb+^+ can likewise mean circumflex, as in \^{o} which is produced with \verb+\^{o}+. In math mode you would use \verb+\hat{o}+ to indicate a unit vector. \item \verb+\+ is not used very often in normal writing, but you can type \verb+$\backslash$+ if you want to use it. \end{itemize} \paragraph{Quotation Marks} Ever notice how typeset material always has nice quotation marks, for example, ``this'' instead of \verb+"+this\verb+"+? \LaTeX{} can generate these fancy quotes with just a little effort on your part. The `` character, used to start a quotation, is made by typing \verb+``+. Note that these are reverse quote characters, usually found on the upper-left hand side of the keyboard. The '' character is made by typing \verb+''+. In Emacs, \LaTeX{} mode will generate the proper characters when you press the \verb+"+ key. \LaTeX{} mode is automatically loaded when you load a file ending in \verb+.tex+ that has a \verb+\documentstyle+ command near the top. \paragraph{Divisions} Text can be divided into parts, chapters,\footnote{Chapters are available within \verb+book+ and \verb+report+ but not in \verb+article+, so that an article can be included as a chapter.} sections, subsections, subsubsections, paragraphs, and subparagraphs. Each division has its own \LaTeX{} command (\verb+\section+, \verb+\subsection+, etc.). These commands produce the appropriate headings and entries in the table of contents, as well as numbering the divisions. For normal use, you probably want to use \verb+section+, \verb+subsection+, and \verb+paragraph+. The section \verb+paragraph+ is different from the command \verb+\par+. A section command places the title you give it in bold at the beginning of the paragraph. The \verb+\par+ command simply marks the beginning of the paragraph, as would a blank line. %%%% KLUDGE ALERT. These commands are to fix a bad page break: \newpage For example, in this document you are currently reading: \begin{verbatim} \section{What to Start With} ... things that are in the section ... \subsection{Body} ... things that are in the subsection ... \paragraph{Divisions} ... things that are in the paragraph ... \end{verbatim} \paragraph{Table of Contents} Since \LaTeX{} already has all of this information about the structure of the document, it can easily collect it and build a table of contents. It will only do this if you explicitly tell it to. \LaTeX{}\ will put the table of contents wherever you include the line \begin{verbatim} \tableofcontents \end{verbatim} in your document. To put the table of contents at the beginning (where people expect to find it) just put it in after the \verb+\maketitle+ command. You should run \LaTeX{} at least twice after you add the table of contents, since it takes two or three tries to get the table of contents right---once to write all the page numbers out to a file, a second time to include those numbers at the beginning of the document, and possibly a third time if the number of pages the table of contents occupies changes. When you make major changes, \LaTeX{} may tell you that you need to run it twice. It is always a good idea to do this before you print the final version of a document, just to make sure everything is correct. \subsection{Environments} If you want to change how \LaTeX{} treats a certain section of text (for instance changing the type style), you have to specify what text. In \LaTeX{} lingo, you need to indicate the {\em scope\/} of the command you are using to change the {\em environment}. For small sections of text, this is done by starting the {\em environment\/} with an open brace (\verb+{+) character, followed by the command to change the defaults, and ending with the close brace \verb+}+ character. For example, to emphasize some text, {\em like this}, you should type \verb+{\em like this}+. This limits the {\em scope\/} of the emphasize command to the environment within the braces. An environment can also be delimited with a {\em begin---end\/} pair. This is quite useful for larger sections of text. For example, to center multiple lines of text, \begin{center} like\\ these two, \end{center} \noindent you could use the following lines: \begin{verbatim} \begin{center} like\\ these two, \end{center} \end{verbatim} \noindent Note the \verb+\\+ following the first line. This is a command which tells \LaTeX{} to break the line at that point, rather than filling the text completely between the two margins like it normally does. This allows you to force lines to end when you want them to, rather than when \LaTeX{} wants them to. \subsection{Ending the Document} The last thing to put in the document is the line \begin{verbatim} \end{document} \end{verbatim} The only text after this should be comments, since you have now finished your document. \LaTeX{} ignores anything which follows the \verb+\end{document}+ command. \section{Processing your Document} \label{texinputs}Once you have written your file and entered all the necessary \LaTeX{} commands, you have to process the file before previewing or printing it. This is true for almost any text formatter. \subsection{Running \LaTeX{}}\label{sec:run} If you have used any special .sty files (the optional \verb+documentstyle+ parameters mentioned previously) which are only available from \SIPB{}, you must first set an environment variable to let \LaTeX{} know where to go to find these files. The command is: \begin{verbatim} attach sipb setenv TEXINPUTS .:/mit/sipb/lib/tex/macros:/usr/athena/lib/tex/macros \end{verbatim} These lines can be placed in your \verb+.environment+ file. (See the Athena document ``Essential Dotfiles.'') Since \LaTeX{} is now provided by Athena,\footnote{\SIPB{} introduced \LaTeX{} on Athena, which eventually led to Athena adopting it in the summer of 1989.} you can process a \LaTeX{} file by typing \begin{verbatim} latex filename.tex \end{verbatim} \noindent where {\em filename.tex\/} is the name of your file that you want to process. \LaTeX{} produces an output file named {\em filename.dvi\/} (a {\bf d\/}e\/{\bf v\/}ice {\bf i\/}ndependent file), which can be converted and printed on various types of printers. \subsection{Previewing the Final Output} It is usually convenient to use the graphic display of your workstation to preview your document before printing it. The command \verb+xdvi filename &+ creates a window which shows you what the file will look like when it is printed on the printer. After you position the \verb+xdvi+ window on your screen, it should show the first page of the document. You can use this like the {\em more\/} command: hit space to go forward a page, and \verb+b+ to go back a page. This way you can go back and forth between the \verb+xdvi+ previewer and the \LaTeX{} source, rerunning \LaTeX{} and looking at the \verb+xdvi+ display each time. (\verb+xdvi+ automatically notices that you've changed something, and displays the newest output.) For more details about how to use \verb+xdvi+ see the one page guide at the end of this document. Using \verb+xdvi+ will prevent you from having to print out your document each time you want to see what the final product will look like. \subsection{Printing the File} \subsubsection{Using {\tt dvips}} When you are ready to print out the file, you must convert from dvi format to the format of the printer you are using. To translate \verb+filename.dvi+ to \PS{}\footnote{\PS{} is the ``language'' understood by Athena printers, and many others.} and send it to your default printer, use the command: \begin{verbatim} dvips filename \end{verbatim} If you have no default printer\footnote{You can check this by typing \verb+lpq+ and noting what printer it lists.} or you want to send the printout to a specific printer\footnote{For example \verb+linus+, the high volume LPS-40 printer in building 11} use the command: \command{dvips -P{\em printername\/} filename} \noindent replacing {\em printername\/} with the name of the printer to which you want to send your document. It is possible to obtain the intermediate \PS{} file, but generally they are huge files. If for some reason, you need that the \PS{} file, you can use the command \command{dvips -o filename.PS filename} It is possible to select particular pages out of a document, if you are making changes and want to see what they will look like on paper (note that \verb+xdvi+ gives a very accurate rendition, and should be enough for most purposes). The command \command{dvips -p{\em first\/} -l{\em last\/} -P{\em printername\/} filename} will print from the page numbered ``first'' to the page numbered ``last''. Note that there is an older conversion program, \user{dvi2ps}, on Athena. \user{dvi2ps} had a number of minor bugs which made it unusable with certain files. \user{dvips} has many features which \user{dvi2ps} didn't, and it produces smaller and faster \PS{} files than \user{dvi2ps} did. Therefore \SIPB{} recommends you use \user{dvips}. You may need to \user{add sipb} or \user{attach sipb} to use it. \subsubsection{Duplex (or Double-Sided) Printing} \subsubsection{Landscape (or Sideways) Mode} If you want to print your document ``sideways,'' with the text running parallel to the long edge of the paper, simply include \begin{verbatim} \special{landscape} \end{verbatim} on the first page of your document. You also need to set the margins to correspond to this new paper size (11x8.5 instead of 8.5x11) --- see section~\ref{sec:margins} for details on changing them. \section{Error Messages} The error messages produced by \LaTeX{} are the most confusing part of using it. Most people have trouble understanding what \LaTeX{} is telling them. Here are some of the more common errors, what they mean, and how you can fix the problem. In general, when an error occurs you should hit return to see if \LaTeX{} will keep on going, or enter \verb+x+ to exit. If \LaTeX{} is asking for a filename, \verb+Control-D+ will help exit \LaTeX{}. If \verb+x+, \verb+^C+, and \verb+^D+ do not return you to your \verb+athena%+ prompt, type \verb+^Z+. In order to kill the {\em stopped\/} process you need to do the following: \begin{verbatim} athena% kill %latex athena% [1] + Terminated latex athena% \end{verbatim} By hitting $<$return$>$ when you get your prompt back you should get the message that \LaTeX{} was indeed killed. For more information about processes and how to control them see {\em More Unix: the C-shell\/} available from Athena. \subsection{\LaTeX{} errors} There are two kinds of errors: \LaTeX{} errors and \TeX{} errors. \TeX{} is the language in which \LaTeX{} is written, and some of the basic errors come from there. All errors have an error message which starts with an exclamation point. A \LaTeX{} error can be distinguished from a \TeX{} error by the following: \begin{verbatim} LaTeX error. See LaTeX manual for explanation. Type H for immediate help. \end{verbatim} \noindent The error message is printed on the next line, followed by the cryptic message \begin{verbatim} \@latexerr ...for immediate help.}\errmessage {#1} \end{verbatim} \noindent This line should be ignored. The next line starts with a number and then the text of the line that caused the error. The part of the number after the decimal point is the line number where the error occurred. If you cannot figure out what the problem is by looking at the error message, you can go to the offending line in the original document and look at it. The problem may lie a few lines above the one which \LaTeX{} complained about. The error message should make more sense after you have looked at the offending text. Some of the more common error messages are: \begin{verbatim} ! \begin{...} ended by \end{...}. \end{verbatim} \noindent This is usually caused by forgetting to end an environment which was started by a \verb+\begin+ command. \begin{verbatim} ! Can be used only in preamble. \end{verbatim} \noindent Certain commands can only be entered before the \verb+\begin{document}+ statement. This part of the file is called the ``preamble.'' Move the offending statement to the preamble and try again. \begin{verbatim} ! Undefined control sequence. l.7 \auhtor{The Student Information Processing Board} \end{verbatim} \noindent The command \verb+\auhtor+ on line seven is misspelled and so \LaTeX{} does not recognize it. If \LaTeX{} does not recognize a command you used, but you think it exists, check the documentation again to make sure you are using the command correctly. \begin{verbatim} ! Environment ... undefined. \end{verbatim} \noindent An environment defined in a \verb+\begin+ or \verb+\end+ statement is not recognized. This is usually caused by a spelling error. \begin{verbatim} ! Missing \begin{document}. \end{verbatim} \noindent All files must have a \verb+\begin{document}+ before any text which is intended to be printed. \subsection{\TeX{} errors} \begin{verbatim} ! I can't find file `...'. \end{verbatim} \noindent \TeX{} will wait for you to type in a file name. If a mistake was made, and you want to abort the command, you will need to hit \verb+^D+ which will cause an ``Emergency stop'' when \TeX{} is waiting for you to type something. \begin{verbatim} ! Missing { inserted. ! Missing } inserted. \end{verbatim} \begin{verbatim} ! Missing $ inserted. \end{verbatim} \noindent This usually occurs if a command was typed which can only be used in math mode. \LaTeX{} can be allowed to continue, but the output will look strange. The offending command should be put into math mode. If you cannot figure out what is wrong, give the \SIPB{} office a call,\footnote{Our phone number is 253-7788, or stop by our office in W20-557 --- just outside the Student Center cluster.} or try the Athena Consultants.\footnote{On-line, type \verb+olc+ or call 253-4435.} \subsection{Warnings} Warnings do not cause \LaTeX{} to stop processing the document, but preview the output before printing your final version to make sure the output is acceptable. Below are some common warnings, followed by explanations. \begin{verbatim} Overfull \hbox (24.30751pt too wide) in paragraph at lines 6--9 \end{verbatim} \noindent This occurs whenever a line is too wide to fit between the margins. \LaTeX{} will produce a line that is too wide when it cannot find an acceptable place to insert a line break. Use \verb+xdvi+ to look at the output, then change the file if necessary. \begin{verbatim} Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 6--18 \end{verbatim} \noindent This error is similar to \verb+Overfull \hbox+. It occurs when \LaTeX{} is forced to put lots of space between words to justify the text. This usually happens when a paragraph is not properly ended before certain kinds of environments (like forcing a return with \verb+\\+). Inserting a blank line or a \verb+\par+ command after the offending paragraph should fix it. \begin{verbatim} (\end occurred inside a group at level 1) \end{verbatim} \noindent This occurs if you open an environment and forget to close it before the \verb+\end{document}+. \begin{small} \begin{verbatim} LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right. \end{verbatim} \end{small} \noindent This occurs page numbers or figure numbers or the table of contents changes from one running of \LaTeX{} to another. Simply re-run \LaTeX{} to resolve the problem. Occasionally, \LaTeX{} will have to be run twice in a row to clear up the problem. \section{Other useful things to know about} \label{sec:group} \LaTeX{} is very powerful. There are commands to do almost anything. This guide is an attempt to explain many of the commonly used commands. Below you will find information that should help you produce papers with \LaTeX{}. If you are familiar with \SCRIBE{}, you will begin to see why \LaTeX{} is easier to use. \subsection{Margins} \label{sec:margins} \LaTeX{} has very large default margins -- almost two inches wide on each side. Most people don't like them.\footnote{Except for people writing books, who need them.} Fortunately, \LaTeX{} margins are easy to change. An easy way to use more of the page is to use the \verb+fullpage+ documentstyle (see section~\ref{sec:docstyle}). While most text formatting systems use left and right margins, \LaTeX{} keeps track of the left margin and the text width. In fact, since \LaTeX{} lets you specify different margins for even and odd numbered pages, it keeps track of two left hand margins.\footnote{While this is very useful for double sided documents, it can make changing the margins a little confusing.} So, to reduce the left hand margin by half an inch you would use the commands: \begin{verbatim} \addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-.5in} \addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-.5in} \end{verbatim} \noindent Then to reduce the ``right hand margin'' by the same amount, you would increase text width: \begin{verbatim} \addtolength{\TeX{}twidth}{1in} \end{verbatim} If you've included the {\em simplemargins\/} option in your \verb+\documentstyle+ line, you can use a set of commands to simplify setting margins. These commands are perhaps more intuitive: \begin{verbatim} \setleftmargin{1in} \setrightmargin{1in} \settopmargin{1in} \setbottommargin{1in} \end{verbatim} \noindent If you merely want to set all margins to a uniform size, use: \begin{verbatim} \setallmargins{1in} \end{verbatim} Again, however, you must have included the {\em simplemargins\/} command and you must thus also use the TEXINPUTS command mentioned in section \ref{texinputs}. \subsection{Type Styles} There are several different type styles available in \LaTeX{}: {\bf bold} (bf), {\sf sans serif} (sf), {\sl slanted\/} (sl), {\sc small caps} (sc), {\tt typewriter} (tt), {\it italic\/} (it), and the default, roman (rm). To use one of these type styles simply, use the appropriate command as shown in the following example. \begin{tabbing} \hspace{2.5in}\=\kill The following lines: \> Are produced by:\\ {\bf This is bold type.} \> \verb+{\bf This is bold type.}+\\ {\sf This is sans serif type.} \> \verb+{\sf This is sans serif type.}+\\ {\sl This is slanted type.} \> \verb+{\sl This is slanted type.}+\\ {\sc This is Small Caps type.} \> \verb+{\sc This is Small Caps type.}+\\ {\tt This is typewriter type.} \> \verb+{\tt This is typewriter type.}+\\ {\it This is italic type.} \> \verb+{\it This is italic type.}+\\ {\rm This is normal roman type.} \> \verb+{\rm This is normal roman type.}+\\ \end{tabbing} You will notice that there is no underline style. This is intentional, since underlining is not normally used in a typeset document. Titles (and other text normally underlined in hand-written documents) are properly emphasized with the \verb+\em+ command. If you really want to get \underline{underlining}, type \verb+\underline{+{\em text to be underlined\/}\verb+}+, but note that underlining is ``fragile'' (which makes it difficult to use in section titles and a few other places -- see the \LaTeX{} manual for details). \subsection{Type Sizes}\label{subsec:typ} The type size can be controlled as well. If you want to change the size as well as the style, you must set the size first, and then the style; to get a large bold type style, type \verb+{\large\bf +{\em text\/}\verb+}+. \begin{tabbing} \hspace{3.25in}\=\kill The following sizes: \> Are produced by:\\ {\tiny This is tiny type.} \> \verb+{\tiny This is tiny type.}+ \\ {\scriptsize This is scriptsize type.} \> \verb+{\scriptsize This is scriptsize type.}+ \\ {\footnotesize This is footnotesize type.} \> \verb+{\footnotesize This is footnotesize type.}+ \\ {\small This is small type.} \> \verb+{\small This is small type.}+ \\ {\normalsize This is normalsize type.} \> \verb+{\normalsize This is normalsize type.}+ \\ {\large This is large type.} \> \verb+{\large This is large type.}+ \\ {\Large This is Large type.} \> \verb+{\Large This is Large type.}+ \\ {\LARGE This is LARGE type.} \> \verb+{\LARGE This is LARGE type.}+ \\ {\huge This is huge type.} \> \verb+{\huge This is huge type.}+ \\ {\Huge This is Huge type.} \> \verb+{\Huge This is Huge type.}+ \\ \end{tabbing} \subsection{Footnotes} Footnotes are very easy in \LaTeX{}. You simply place the footnote text where you want the reference to appear and \LaTeX{} takes care of everything else. This sentence and footnote\footnote{See? It's a footnote.} were created by typing the following: \verb+This sentence and footnote\footnote{See? It's a footnote.} were created by typing the following+. \subsection{Tables} \LaTeX{} has a simple method for generating all sorts of tables. You give it one command to tell it how to set up the table and then give it the data. You specify how many columns the table is going to have, what to do to the data within each column as well as how to separate each column. When you enter the data you give one row at a time. Each data field is separated by ``\&'' and the end of a row is signalled by ``\verb+\\+''. Here are several examples of what is possible and how to create them. \begin{tabular}{clr} a& b& c\\ aa& bb& cccccc\\ aaa& bbb& ccc\\ \end{tabular} This is a table with three columns. In the first column the data is centered, in the second it is left justified and in the third it is right justified. This was done by entering \verb+{clr}+. Changing what is in these curly braces changes the number of columns and how each one is formatted. The previous example was created with the following text. Notice that the line breaks in the typed text make no difference to \LaTeX{}. Rows are separated by the \verb+\\+ character and the columns within the rows are separated by the \& character. \begin{verbatim} \begin{tabular}{clr} a& b& c\\ aa& bb& cccccc\\ aaa& bbb& ccc\\ \end{tabular} \end{verbatim} You can also have boxes around the table and lines separating the columns if you like. \LaTeX{} will put vertical lines wherever you put a \verb+|+ in the column specifications. \LaTeX{} has two commands for creating horizontal lines in tables. \verb+\hline+ creates a horizontal line across the whole table. \verb+\cline{m-n}+ creates a horizontal line from the beginning of column \verb+m+ to the end of column \verb+n+. \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{||c|l||r||}\hline a& b& c\\ \cline{2-3} aa& bb& cc\\ \hline aaa& bbb& ccc\\ \hline\hline \end{tabular} \end{center} This was created using the following commands: \begin{verbatim} \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{||c|l||r||}\hline a& b& c\\ \cline{2-3} aa& bb& cc\\ \hline aaa& bbb& ccc\\ \hline\hline \end{tabular} \end{center} \end{verbatim} \subsection{Lists} There are four different types of lists in \LaTeX{}. The following is an example containing all four. \begin{description} \item [Enumerate] will give you a numbered list. \begin{enumerate} \item You can nest lists in \LaTeX{}\ \begin{enumerate} \item You can even sub-nest lists \item and it changes how they are counted \end{enumerate} \item up to four levels deep \end{enumerate} \item [Itemize] produces a list with bullets \begin{itemize} \item Some people like bullets, \item while others do not. \end{itemize} \item [Description] is what you use when you want to describe a list of items. This list of \verb+list+ environments is an example of a \verb+description+. Notice that it will bold face the items you are describing. \item [List] If you do not like any of these possibilities you can modify the \verb+list+ environment to create your own. See the \LaTeX{} manual for more information. \end{description} \noindent The following text was used to create the previous example. We have broken it up to add comments and explanations of some of the more obscure commands. \begin{verbatim} % The percent sign is the comment character in LaTeX. LaTeX ignores % everything on a line following a % character. \begin{description} % Notice the brackets and braces; {} are very different from [] in LaTeX \item [Enumerate] will give you a numbered list. \begin{enumerate} \item You can nest lists in \LaTeX{} \begin{enumerate} \item You can even sub-nest lists \item and it changes how they are counted \end{enumerate} \item up to four levels deep \end{enumerate} \item [Itemize] produces a list with bullets \begin{itemize} \item Some people like bullets, \item while others do not. \end{itemize} \item [Description] is what you use when you want to describe a list of items. This list of \verb+list+ environments is an example of a \verb+description+. \item [List] If you do not like any of these possibilities you can modify the \verb+list+ environment to create your own. See the \LaTeX{} manual for more information. \end{description} \end{verbatim} \subsection{Setting Page Layout Parameters} \LaTeX{} uses many parameters to layout a page. These parameters set the distance between the main text and margin notes, headers, and footers, among other things. To change the value of one of these parameters, you can use the \verb+\addtolength+ commands described in subsection~\ref{sec:margins}. Figure~\ref{fig:layout} shows the layout for a printed page reduced to 65\% of full size. \input{layout-truncated} \section{Documents in a Foreign Language }\label{sec:lang} \LaTeX{} is very useful for writing documents in a foreign language. \LaTeX{} can theoretically support any language.\footnote{Some languages require unusual fonts. \SIPB{} is experimenting with \TeX{} for other languages, including German, Russian, and Arabic; send email to \verb+sipb-babel+ if you are interested in more details.} However, in reality, there is hyphenation support for only a few dozen. The standard version of \LaTeX{}\ supports the English language, and it can hyphenate most English words correctly. \SIPB{} has a version of \LaTeX{} which can hyphenate a document written in German, and we are working on getting French and Spanish versions. The English version can be used to produce foreign language documents, but be warned that hyphenation will be according to rules of the English language. \paragraph{Foreign Symbols} Many Western languages use symbols and accents that do not appear in normal English. \LaTeX{} provides a convenient method of generating accents and other symbols. Figure~\ref{fig:accents} shows accents that can be placed on any existing character -- simply replace the \verb+o+ in the curly braces with the letter you wish to accent. \begin{figure}[htb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclclcl} \'{o} & \verb+\'{o} +& \`{o} & \verb+\`{o} +& \^{o} & \verb+\^{o} +& \"{o} & \verb+\"{o} +& \~{o} & \verb+\~{o}+\\ \={o} & \verb+\={o}+& \.{o} & \verb+\.{o}+& \u{o} & \verb+\u{o}+& \v{o} & \verb+\v{o}+& \H{o} & \verb+\H{o}+\\ \t{oo} & \verb+\t{oo}+& \c{o} & \verb+\c{o}+& \d{o} & \verb+\d{o}+& \b{o} & \verb+\b{o}+& \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Accents}\label{fig:accents} \end{figure} Some other foreign characters are encoded directly, when they cannot be built as combinations. Figure~\ref{fig:syms} shows foreign language symbols which are available, and Figure~\ref{fig:spsyms} shows some special non-English symbols. \begin{figure}[htb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclclcl} \oe & \verb+\oe + & \OE & \verb+\OE + & \ae & \verb+\ae + & \AE & \verb+\AE + & \aa & \verb+\aa + \\ \AA & \verb+\AA+ & \o & \verb+\o+ & \O & \verb+\O+ & \l & \verb+\l+ & \L & \verb+\L+ \\ \ss & \verb+\ss+ & ?` & \verb+?`+ & !` & \verb+!`+\\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Foreign language symbols}\label{fig:syms} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[htb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclclcl} \dag & \verb+\dag + & \ddag & \verb+\ddag + & \S & \verb+\S + & \P & \verb+\P + & \copyright & \verb+\copyright+ \\ \pounds & \verb+\pounds+ \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Special Language Symbols}\label{fig:spsyms} \end{figure} \section{Mathematical Text and Special Symbols}\label{sec:math} Equations can be inserted into your text in several ways. Placing \verb+$+\ldots\verb+$+ or \verb+\(+\ldots\verb+\)+ or \verb+\begin{math}+ \ldots \verb+\end{math}+ around the mathematical expression or special symbol allows you to place it in a line of normal text. This will use the smaller symbols (see Figure~\ref{fig:varsym}), and adjust the size of the formula as necessary. It will also adjust other things. For example, to place $\sum_{i=1}^n$ in a line of text \LaTeX{} puts the ``$i=1$'' to the right of the $\sum$ instead of underneath. Placing \verb+\[+\ldots\verb+\]+ or \verb+\begin{displaymath}+\ldots \verb+\end{displaymath}+ around the expression will center it and set it off from the rest of the text, using the larger symbols. \begin{figure}[htb] \begin{tabbing} \hspace{1.6in}\= \hspace{1.6in}\= \hspace{1.6in}\= \kill %% Variable-sized Symbols (3.8, p45) which are different in text/display. \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \sum \]\end{minipage} $\sum$ \verb+ \sum+ \> \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \prod \]\end{minipage} $\prod$ \verb+ \prod+ \> \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \coprod \]\end{minipage} $\coprod$ \verb+ \coprod+ \> \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \int \]\end{minipage} $\int$ \verb+ \int+ \\ \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \oint \]\end{minipage} $\oint$ \verb+ \oint+ \> \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigcap \]\end{minipage} $\bigcap$ \verb+ \bigcap+ \> \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigcup \]\end{minipage} $\bigcup$ \verb+ \bigcup+ \> \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigsqcup \]\end{minipage} $\bigsqcup$ \verb+ \bigsqcup+ \\ \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigvee \]\end{minipage} $\bigvee$ \verb+ \bigvee+ \> \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigwedge \]\end{minipage} $\bigwedge$ \verb+ \bigwedge+ \> \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigodot \]\end{minipage} $\bigodot$ \verb+ \bigodot+ \> \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigotimes \]\end{minipage} $\bigotimes$ \verb+ \bigotimes+ \\ \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \bigoplus \]\end{minipage} $\bigoplus$ \verb+ \bigoplus+ \> \begin{minipage}[b]{.4in}\[ \biguplus \]\end{minipage} $\biguplus$ \verb+ \biguplus+ \\ \end{tabbing} \caption{Mathematical Symbols}\label{fig:varsym} \end{figure} To create a simple equation, for example $ F=ma $, you need only type \verb+$ F=ma $+. For more advanced formul\ae, like $ E=mc^2 $, you need to tell \LaTeX{} to superscript the 2. The \verb+^+ character instructs \LaTeX{} to superscript, and the \verb+_+ character instructs \LaTeX{} to subscript. For example, \verb+$ E=mc^2 $+ is used to produce $E=mc^2$. Likewise \verb:$ x_{k+1} $: is used to produce $ x_{k+1} $ . If you want to put more than one character in the superscript or subscript, you need to group them, using \verb+{+ and \verb+}+ as in the examples above. To print something with both superscripts and subscripts, like $ _{238}U^{+4} $, just type \verb|$ _{238}U^{+4} $|.\footnote{Notice that nothing in particular was subscripted, \LaTeX{}\ was told to subscript and it did the ``right thing''.} Anything can go into the brackets, and \LaTeX{} will figure out what to do with it: $ x^{35+9^{y_{z}}+4_{z}}_{1997} $ requires the hideous expression \verb|$x^{35+9^{y_{z}}+4_{z}}_{1997}$|, but if you look carefully it should be clear what is happening. To get the prime ($'$) symbol in math mode, type an apostrophe (\verb+'+). Try some complex expressions of your own, and see how easy they are to create. There are many symbols not found on the keyboard to help you in formatting just about any kind of formula. See Figures~\ref{fig:binops}, \ref{fig:relations}, \ref{fig:arrows} and \ref{fig:miscs} for symbols not found on the keyboard, like $\pm$, $\geq$, $\leadsto$ and $\wp$. \begin{figure}[hptb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclclcl} %% Binary Operation Symbols (3.4, page 44) $\pm$ & \verb+\pm + & $\mp$ & \verb+\mp + & $\times$ & \verb+\times + & $\div$ & \verb+\div + & $\ast$ & \verb+\ast + \\ $\star$ & \verb+\star+ & $\circ$ & \verb+\circ+ & $\bullet$ & \verb+\bullet+ & $\cdot$ & \verb+\cdot+ & $\cap$ & \verb+\cap+ \\ $\cup$ & \verb+\cup+ & $\uplus$ & \verb+\uplus+ & $\sqcap$ & \verb+\sqcap+ & $\sqcup$ & \verb+\sqcup+ & $\vee$ & \verb+\vee+ \\ $\wedge$ & \verb+\wedge+ & $\setminus$ & \verb+\setminus+ & $\wr$ & \verb+\wr+ & $\diamond$ & \verb+\diamond+ & $\amalg$ & \verb+\amalg+ \\ $\lhd$ & \verb+\lhd+ & $\rhd$ & \verb+\rhd+ & $\unlhd$ & \verb+\unlhd+ & $\unrhd$ & \verb+\unrhd+ & $\oplus$ & \verb+\oplus+ \\ $\ominus$ & \verb+\ominus+ & $\otimes$ & \verb+\otimes+ & $\oslash$ & \verb+\oslash+ & $\odot$ & \verb+\odot+ & $\bigcirc$ & \verb+\bigcirc+ \\ $\dagger$ & \verb+\dagger+ & $\ddagger$ & \verb+\ddagger+ \\ % spread these long names: $\bigtriangleup$ & \multicolumn{3}{l}{\tt $\backslash$bigtriangleup} & $\bigtriangledown$ & \multicolumn{3}{l}{\tt $\backslash$bigtriangledown} \\ $\triangleleft$ & \multicolumn{3}{l}{\tt $\backslash$triangleleft} & $\triangleright$ & \multicolumn{3}{l}{\tt $\backslash$triangleright} \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Binary Operations}\label{fig:binops} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[hptb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclclcl} %% Relation Symbols (3.5, p44) $\leq$ & \verb+\leq + & $\prec$ & \verb+\prec + & $\preceq$ & \verb+\preceq + & $\ll$ & \verb+\ll + & $\subset$ & \verb+\subset + \\ $\subseteq$ & \verb+\subseteq+ & $\sqsubset$ & \verb+\sqsubset+ & $\sqsubseteq$ & \verb+\sqsubseteq+ & $\in$ & \verb+\in+ & $\vdash$ & \verb+\vdash+ \\ $\geq$ & \verb+\geq+ & $\succ$ & \verb+\succ+ & $\succeq$ & \verb+\succeq+ & $\gg$ & \verb+\gg+ & $\supset$ & \verb+\supset+ \\ $\supseteq$ & \verb+\supseteq+ & $\sqsupset$ & \verb+\sqsupset+ & $\sqsupseteq$ & \verb+\sqsupseteq+ & $\ni$ & \verb+\ni+ & $\dashv$ & \verb+\dashv+ \\ $\equiv$ & \verb+\equiv+ & $\sim$ & \verb+\sim+ & $\simeq$ & \verb+\simeq+ & $\asymp$ & \verb+\asymp+ & $\approx$ & \verb+\approx+ \\ $\cong$ & \verb+\cong+ & $\neq$ & \verb+\neq+ & $\doteq$ & \verb+\doteq+ & $\propto$ & \verb+\propto+ & $\models$ & \verb+\models+ \\ $\perp$ & \verb+\perp+ & $\mid$ & \verb+\mid+ & $\parallel$ & \verb+\parallel+ & $\bowtie$ & \verb+\bowtie+ & $\Join$ & \verb+\Join+ \\ $\smile$ & \verb+\smile+ & $\frown$ & \verb+\frown+ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Relations}\label{fig:relations} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[hptb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclcl} %% Arrow Symbols (3.6, p45) $\leftarrow$ & \verb+\leftarrow+ & $\Leftarrow$ & \verb+\Leftarrow+ & $\rightarrow$ & \verb+\rightarrow+ \\ $\Rightarrow$ & \verb+\Rightarrow+ & $\leftrightarrow$ & \verb+\leftrightarrow+ & $\Leftrightarrow$ & \verb+\Leftrightarrow+ \\ $\mapsto$ & \verb+\mapsto+ & $\hookleftarrow$ & \verb+\hookleftarrow+ & $\leftharpoonup$ & \verb+\leftharpoonup+ \\ $\leftharpoondown$ & \verb+\leftharpoondown+ & $\rightleftharpoons$ & \verb+\rightleftharpoons+ & $\longleftarrow$ & \verb+\longleftarrow+ \\ $\Longleftarrow$ & \verb+\Longleftarrow+ & $\longrightarrow$ & \verb+\longrightarrow+ & $\Longrightarrow$ & \verb+\Longrightarrow+ \\ $\longleftrightarrow$ & \verb+\longleftrightarrow+ & $\Longleftrightarrow$ & \verb+\Longleftrightarrow+ & $\longmapsto$ & \verb+\longmapsto+ \\ $\hookrightarrow$ & \verb+\hookrightarrow+ & $\rightharpoonup$ & \verb+\rightharpoonup+ & $\rightharpoondown$ & \verb+\rightharpoondown+ \\ $\leadsto$ & \verb+\leadsto+ & $\uparrow$ & \verb+\uparrow+ & $\Uparrow$ & \verb+\Uparrow+ \\ $\downarrow$ & \verb+\downarrow+ & $\Downarrow$ & \verb+\Downarrow+ & $\updownarrow$ & \verb+\updownarrow+ \\ $\Updownarrow$ & \verb+\Updownarrow+ & $\nearrow$ & \verb+\nearrow+ & $\searrow$ & \verb+\searrow+ \\ $\swarrow$ & \verb+\swarrow+ & $\nwarrow$ & \verb+\nwarrow+ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Arrows}\label{fig:arrows} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[hptb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclclcl} %% Miscellaneous Symbols (3.7, p45) $\aleph$ & \verb+\aleph + & $\hbar$ & \verb+\hbar + & $\imath$ & \verb+\imath + & $\jmath$ & \verb+\jmath + & $\ell$ & \verb+\ell + \\ $\wp$ & \verb+\wp+ & $\Re$ & \verb+\Re+ & $\Im$ & \verb+\Im+ & $\mho$ & \verb+\mho+ & $\prime$ & \verb+\prime+ \\ $\emptyset$ & \verb+\emptyset+ & $\nabla$ & \verb+\nabla+ & $\surd$ & \verb+\surd+ & $\top$ & \verb+\top+ & $\bot$ & \verb+\bot+ \\ $\|$ & \verb+\|+ & $\angle$ & \verb+\angle+ & $\forall$ & \verb+\forall+ & $\exists$ & \verb+\exists+ & $\neg$ & \verb+\neg+ \\ $\flat$ & \verb+\flat+ & $\natural$ & \verb+\natural+ & $\sharp$ & \verb+\sharp+ & $\backslash$ & \verb+\backslash+ & $\partial$ & \verb+\partial+ \\ $\infty$ & \verb+\infty+ & $\Box$ & \verb+\Box+ & $\Diamond$ & \verb+\Diamond+ & $\triangle$ & \verb+\triangle+ & $\clubsuit$ & \verb+\clubsuit+ \\ $\diamondsuit$ & \verb+\diamondsuit+ & $\heartsuit$ & \verb+\heartsuit+ & $\spadesuit$ & \verb+\spadesuit+ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Miscellaneous Symbols}\label{fig:miscs} \end{figure} Of course, not all expressions are polynomials. \LaTeX{} uses two special cases, \verb+\sqrt+ and \verb+\frac+ to create square roots (radical sign surrounding the entire expression) and fractions (one expression over another with a dividing bar between them) respectively. The Lorentz transformation, $ \sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}} $, is expressed as \verb|$ \sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}} $| in line. To display it, you might want to use \[ \sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}} \] instead, generated with \verb|\[ \sqrt{1-\frac{v^2}{c^2}} \]|. {\samepage If the equation is more interesting, or if you want to refer to it later on, you might want to assign it a number by using the \verb+equation+ environment. The quadratic formula \begin{equation} x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a} \end{equation} \noindent is displayed by \begin{verbatim} \begin{equation} x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a} \end{equation} \end{verbatim} } You can supply an optional argument to \verb+\sqrt+, specifying a different root than 2. For example, the fourth root, $\sqrt[4]{1024}$, is expressed as \verb+\sqrt[4]{1024}+. Often in a mathematical equation you will want to use symbols instead of the standard italicized letters for variable names. You can add Greek letters by typing the command associated with the particular letter---see Figures~\ref{fig:greek} and~\ref{fig:Greek}. \begin{figure}[hptb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclclcl} %% Greek - 3.3, p43. Note: these are only available in math mode %% lowercase $\alpha$ & \verb+\alpha + & $\beta$ & \verb+\beta + & $\gamma$ & \verb+\gamma + & $\delta$ & \verb+\delta + & $\epsilon$ & \verb+\epsilon+ \\ $\varepsilon$ & \verb+\varepsilon+ & $\zeta$ & \verb+\zeta+ & $\eta$ & \verb+\eta+ & $\theta$ & \verb+\theta+ & $\vartheta$ & \verb+\vartheta+ \\ $\iota$ & \verb+\iota+ & $\kappa$ & \verb+\kappa+ & $\lambda$ & \verb+\lambda+ & $\mu$ & \verb+\mu+ & $\nu$ & \verb+\nu+ \\ $\xi$ & \verb+\xi+ & $o$ & \verb+o+ & %%note omicron is just o $\pi$ & \verb+\pi+ & $\varpi$ & \verb+\varpi+ & $\rho$ & \verb+\rho+ \\ $\varrho$ & \verb+\varrho+ & $\sigma$ & \verb+\sigma+ & $\varsigma$ & \verb+\varsigma+ & $\tau$ & \verb+\tau+ & $\upsilon$ & \verb+\upsilon+ \\ $\phi$ & \verb+\phi+ & $\varphi$ & \verb+\varphi+ & $\chi$ & \verb+\chi+ & $\psi$ & \verb+\psi+ & $\omega$ & \verb+\omega+ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Lowercase Greek}\label{fig:greek} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[hptb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclclcl} %% uppercase $\Gamma$ & \verb+\Gamma + & $\Delta$ & \verb+\Delta + & $\Theta$ & \verb+\Theta + & $\Lambda$ & \verb+\Lambda + & $\Xi$ & \verb+\Xi + \\ $\Pi$ & \verb+\Pi+ & $\Sigma$ & \verb+\Sigma+ & $\Upsilon$ & \verb+\Upsilon+ & $\Phi$ & \verb+\Phi+ & $\Psi$ & \verb+\Psi+ \\ $\Omega$ & \verb+\Omega+ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Uppercase Greek}\label{fig:Greek} \end{figure} Note that if you want to use Greek letters in normal text mode, you must place them in a math environment by surrounding them with \verb+$+\ldots\verb+$+. You can also create function names with the $\cal CALLIGRAPHY$ font. This is treated like any type style change such as \verb+\bf+, but like the Greek letters, you can use it only in math mode. In addition, you only have the 26 upper-case letters available (see Figure~\ref{fig:callig}). \begin{figure}[hptb] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclclcl} %% Calligraphic letters A-Z upper only ${\cal A}$ & \verb+{\cal A} + & ${\cal B}$ & \verb+{\cal B} + & ${\cal C}$ & \verb+{\cal C} + & ${\cal D}$ & \verb+{\cal D} + & ${\cal E}$ & \verb+{\cal E}+ \\ ${\cal F}$ & \verb+{\cal F}+ & ${\cal G}$ & \verb+{\cal G}+ & ${\cal H}$ & \verb+{\cal H}+ & ${\cal I}$ & \verb+{\cal I}+ & ${\cal J}$ & \verb+{\cal J}+ \\ ${\cal K}$ & \verb+{\cal K}+ & ${\cal L}$ & \verb+{\cal L}+ & ${\cal M}$ & \verb+{\cal M}+ & ${\cal N}$ & \verb+{\cal N}+ & ${\cal O}$ & \verb+{\cal O}+ \\ ${\cal P}$ & \verb+{\cal P}+ & ${\cal Q}$ & \verb+{\cal Q}+ & ${\cal R}$ & \verb+{\cal R}+ & ${\cal S}$ & \verb+{\cal S}+ & ${\cal T}$ & \verb+{\cal T}+ \\ ${\cal U}$ & \verb+{\cal U}+ & ${\cal V}$ & \verb+{\cal V}+ & ${\cal W}$ & \verb+{\cal W}+ & ${\cal X}$ & \verb+{\cal X}+ & ${\cal Y}$ & \verb+{\cal Y}+ \\ ${\cal Z}$ & \verb+{\cal Z}+ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Calligraphic Symbols}\label{fig:callig} \end{figure} Sometimes, a formula contains text that should be set in roman type. For example, in the formula ``$\log xy = \log x + \log y$,'' the word ``log'' is not italicized like the variables $x$ and $y$. It would be inconvenient to have to exit math mode to type the text in normal roman type, so the most common function names are defined as special commands. A formula such as $\cos^2 x + \sin^2 x = 1$ would be entered as \verb|$\cos^2 x + \sin^2 x = 1$|. See Figure~\ref{fig:loglike} for a list of all the special commands which are typeset like this. The modulo function is slightly different from the other special commands---it has two forms, a binary and a parenthesized one. See Figure~\ref{fig:mods} for an example of their usage. There are also various types of brackets and other delimiters available in math mode, as shown in figure~\ref{fig:delims}. Certain accents and other diacritical marks are available in math mode. Some of these {\em math mode accents\/} are only available in math mode, while others are modified to work better in math mode. See Figure~\ref{fig:mathacc} for examples. \nopagebreak \begin{figure}[hpbt] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{llllllll} %% Log-like Functions (3.9, p46) which force back to roman type. \verb+\arccos + & \verb+\cos + & \verb+\csc + & \verb+\exp + & \verb+\ker + & \verb+\limsup + & \verb+\min + & \verb+\sinh + \\ \verb+\arcsin+ & \verb+\cosh+ & \verb+\deg+ & \verb+\gcd+ & \verb+\lg+ & \verb+\ln+ & \verb+\Pr+ & \verb+\sup+ \\ \verb+\arctan+ & \verb+\cot+ & \verb+\det+ & \verb+\hom+ & \verb+\lim+ & \verb+\log+ & \verb+\sec+ & \verb+\tan+ \\ \verb+\arg+ & \verb+\coth+ & \verb+\dim+ & \verb+\inf+ & \verb+\liminf+ & \verb+\max+ & \verb+\sin+ & \verb+\tanh+ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Log-like symbols}\label{fig:loglike} \end{figure} \nopagebreak \begin{figure}[hpbt] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{cc} %% and specials $a \bmod b$ & \verb+a \bmod b+ \\ $\pmod{a+b}$ & \verb-\pmod{a+b}- \\ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Modulus functions}\label{fig:mods} \end{figure} \nopagebreak \begin{figure}[hpbt] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclcl} %% Delimiters (3.10, p48) (use \left, \right) $($ & \verb+( + & $)$ & \verb+) + & $[$ & \verb+[ + & $]$ & \verb+] + \\ $\{$ & \verb+\{+ & $\}$ & \verb+\}+ & $\lfloor$ & \verb+\lfloor+ & $\rfloor$ & \verb+\rfloor+ \\ $\lceil$ & \verb+\lceil+ & $\rceil$ & \verb+\rceil+ & $\langle$ & \verb+\langle+ & $\rangle$ & \verb+\rangle+ \\ $/$ & \verb+/+ & $\backslash$ & \verb+\backslash+ & $|$ & \verb+|+ & $\|$ & \verb+\|+ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Delimiters}\label{fig:delims} \end{figure} \nopagebreak \begin{figure}[hpbt] \begin{center} \begin{tabular}{clclclclcl} %% Math Mode accents (3.11, p51) $\hat{a}$ & \verb+\hat{a}+ & $\check{a}$ & \verb+\check{a}+ & $\breve{a}$ & \verb+\breve{a}+ & $\acute{a}$ & \verb+\acute{a}+ & $\grave{a}$ & \verb+\grave{a}+ \\ $\tilde{a}$ & \verb+\tilde{a}+ & $\bar{a}$ & \verb+\bar{a}+ & $\vec{a}$ & \verb+\vec{a}+ & $\dot{a}$ & \verb+\dot{a}+ & $\ddot{a}$ & \verb+\ddot{a}+ \end{tabular} \end{center} \caption{Math-mode accents}\label{fig:mathacc} \end{figure} \nopagebreak %%%% {\bf theorem, bar,line,brace, array, eqnarray, label,ref %%%% left, right} \clearpage %\pagebreak {\samepage \section{Pretty Pictures} \nopagebreak \subsection{Including \PS{} Files} \subsubsection{Encapsulated \PS{} Files} % Suggest xv, matlab, idraw, ways to make pictures In general you are better off using a drawing program designed for the device you will be printing on, and then using the \verb+\special+ command (or the \verb+\PSbox+ macro below) to include a file.\footnote{The program {\em idraw}, provided by the \SIPB{}, will allow you to draw pictures and save them as \PS{} files. See the \SIPB{} document {\em An Inessential Guide to Athena\/} for more information.} If you are using a program which generates ``Encapsulated'' \PS{} Files, you can simply use the \verb+epsf+ documentstyle, and then say \begin{verbatim} \epsfbox{filename.ps} \end{verbatim} at the place where you want the figure. This automatically reserves space for the \PS{} picture based on the size stored in it. See the \verb+dvips+ man page for more detail. \subsubsection{Other \PS{} Files} To include a non-Encapsulated \PS{} file (ie. one written by hand or by certain drawing programs): \begin{enumerate} \item Include the following line before the \verb+\begin{document}+. Most of the magic is needed so that LaTeX knows how big the document is, so that it can reserve space for the \PS{} figure for proper placement and spacing. % Old krufty suggestion: % \newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\mbox{\rule{0in}{#3}\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}}} \begin{small} \begin{verbatim} \newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\mbox{\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}\rule{0pt}{#3}}} \end{verbatim} \end{small} \item If possible, generate the \PS{} file such that the picture is flush against the bottom-left corner. (For example, if idraw is being used, group the entire picture and move it to the bottom-left corner of the page. If it is a raw \PS{} file, add an appropriate translate command, if you know how.) When you do this, the left most $\frac{1}{4}$ inch of the picture may not be printed, since although (0,0) is at the lower-left hand corner of the page, on some printers the left most $\frac{1}{4}$ inch part of the page isn't part of the image area. Don't worry about it - the missing part should be visible when \LaTeX{} moves it back onto the page. \item Print out the \PS{} file. There are two reasons for doing this. The first is to make sure that there aren't any errors in the \PS{}. The second reason is to get the dimensions of the picture and where it is located on the page. Measure the height and the width of the picture. Also, if the picture is not located in the lower-left-hand corner, measure the (x,y) distance from the lower-left-hand corner of the page to lower-left-hand corner of the graphic in inches. \item To do the actual inclusion, do step (a) if the image is in the lower left corner of the page. Otherwise do step (b). \begin{enumerate} \item If the \PS{} file has the image in the lower-left-hand corner of the page, it's really easy. At the point where you want the picture to be included, just use the following command: \begin{verbatim} \PSbox{/mit/username/filename.PS}{1.7in}{0.25in} \end{verbatim} Where the first argument is the filename of the \PS{} file, the second is the width of the graphic, and the third argument is the height of the graphic. The dimensions can be specified in any format that LaTeX accepts. So, for example, a dimension such as ``4cm'' will also work. This ``PSbox'' can be included in a figure, or anything else you want! \item If you were unfortunate enough as to be unable to get the graphic in the lower-left-hand corner, you will need to do a bit more work. Take the distance from the left-hand side of the page (which you measured in inches, right?) and multiply by -72. Call this number the ``hoffset''. Take the distance form the bottom of the page to the bottom of the graphic (also measured inches), multiply it by -72, and call it the ``voffset''. Then the PSbox command should be modified to be: {\small \verb+\PSbox{/mit/username/filename hoffset=+hoffset\verb+voffset=+voffset\verb+}+\verb+{+width\verb+}{+length\verb+}+} For example, to include a file which is 4 inches high and 5 inches wide, which is located 3 inches from the bottom of the page and 2 inches from the left side of the page, the PSbox would be: \begin{verbatim} \PSbox{/mit/username/filename.PS hoffset=-144 voffset=-216}{5in}{4in} \end{verbatim} \end{enumerate} \end{enumerate} NOTE: xdvi cannot show included \PS{} figures; instead, it leaves a blank space of the correct size. Xdvi will also print a warning that says `xdvi: special ``filename'' not implemented' every time you preview a page with a \PS{} figure on it. This is nothing to worry about --- it's just reminding you that it can't preview the \PS{} figure --- it should still print out without any problems. If you want to see where the \PS{} picture will appear, you can change the \verb+\mbox+ in the definition of \verb+\PSbox+ to \verb+\framebox+. In other words, you'd change the line \begin{verbatim} %\newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\mbox{\rule{0in}{#3}\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}}} \newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\mbox{\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}\rule{0pt}{#3}}} \end{verbatim} in your document to be: \begin{small} \begin{verbatim} %\newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\framebox{\rule{0in}{#3}\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}}} \newcommand{\PSbox}[3]{\fbox{\special{psfile=#1}\hspace{#2}\rule{0pt}{#3}}} \end{verbatim} \end{small} Assuming that you have specified the arguments to \verb+\PSbox+ correctly, this will result in a box being drawn around the area where the \PS{} image will appear. However, when you print your \LaTeX{} document, the box will appear on the printed output as well. You will need to change the \verb+\fbox+ back to \verb+\mbox+ and run \LaTeX{} again on your file to make the box go away when you want to print your final copy. \subsubsection{Other Tricks} You can also shrink and scale your \PS{} figures. For example, if you wanted to include your figure shrunk by half in each direction, you would use: \begin{verbatim} \PSbox{/mit/username/filename.PS hscale=50 vscale=50}{1in}{1in} \end{verbatim} \noindent (with the dimensions being the size of the figure once it has been scaled to half size in each direction). Note that it's possible to shrink your figure in one direction and not the other; in most cases, though, you want to scale it equally both horizontally and vertically. The scale factors are percentages, which is why the example uses 50 for one half. % Rotating? \subsection{\LaTeX{} {\tt picture} Environment} \nopagebreak You can create pictures within \LaTeX{} using a limited set of picture symbols. These include \verb+vector+, \verb+line+, \verb+oval+, and others. They are fairly difficult to use, and you have to set them up by hand. For more information you should refer to the \LaTeX{} manual. \nopagebreak This picture: \fbox{\begin{picture}(80,100)(0,0) \put(60,77){\vector(1,0){7}} \put(60,85){$\theta^+$} \put(60,40){\line(1,5){10}} \put(60,40){\line(0,1){50}} \put(60,40){\oval(40,40)[l]} \put(60,20){\line(0,1){40}} \put(0,40){\vector(1,0){40}} \put(0,43){flow} \end{picture}} was made with the following \LaTeX{} code. \nopagebreak \begin{verbatim} \begin{picture}(80,80)(0,0) \put(60,77){\vector(1,0){7}} \put(60,85){$\theta^+$} \put(60,40){\line(1,5){10}} \put(60,40){\line(0,1){50}} \put(60,40){\oval(40,40)[l]} \put(60,20){\line(0,1){40}} \put(0,40){\vector(1,0){40}} \put(0,43){flow} \end{picture} \end{verbatim} } \nopagebreak \subsection{\PICTEX} \PICTEX, a complicated drawing system, is also available. Contact the \SIPB{}\footnote{The \SIPB{} can be reached at 253-7788, or stop by our office in W20-557.} for more details. \section{Music\TeX{}} \section{Making a Bibliography} \section{Similarities between \SCRIBE{} and \LaTeX{}} Many \SCRIBE{} and \LaTeX{} commands are quite similar. If you are unfamiliar with \SCRIBE{}, don't bother to learn about it; this section is intended to help those who already have \SCRIBE{} experience. \begin{tt} \begin{tabular}{ll} {\bf{\SCRIBE}} & {\bf{\LATEX}} \\ @make(article) & \verb+\documentstyle{article}+ \\ @make(report) & \verb+\documentstyle{report}+ \\ @style(size=11) & \verb+\documentstyle[11pt]{article}+ \\ @style(font {\it fontname}) & \verb+\documentstyle[+{\it fontabbrev}\verb+]{article}+ \\ \ NewCenturySchoolBook & \verb+ ncs+ \\ % \ Palatino & \verb+ palatino+ \\ \ TimesRoman & \verb+ times+ \\ @begin(mode) & \verb+\begin{mode}+ \\ @end(mode) & \verb+\end{mode}+ \\ @i(italics) & \verb+{\em italics}+ \\ @verbatim(xyz) & \verb_\verb+xyz+_ \\ @section(scribe) & \verb_\section{LaTeX}_ \\ \end{tabular} \end{tt} \section{Where to Get More Information} The {\em \LaTeX{} User's Guide \& Reference Manual\/} is a very well-written book which goes into much more detail than we have attempted here, for those who wish to delve deeper into the intricacies of \LaTeX{}. It is highly recommended, and not very expensive, at least as far as reference books go. Since Athena now officially supports \LaTeX{}, you can ask questions about it using \verb+olc+, and look through the OLC Stock Answers for the answers to other commonly asked questions. AC-50,v4 Essential LaTeX on Athena AC-51,v3 More LaTeX on Athena: Reports and Advanced Topics AC-52,v3 More LaTeX on Athena: MIT Thesis You can also come by the \SIPB{} office (in W20-557, just outside the Student Center cluster), or call us on the phone (253-7788), particularly if you have a more obscure or complicated question. As a last resort, {\em The~\TeX book\/} describes the \TeX{} typesetting system, which forms the basis for \LaTeX{}. It is significantly harder to understand than the \LaTeX{} manual. \section{Acknowledgments} The original version of this document was written by Mark Eichin to give people a handy reference to the many symbols that \LaTeX{}\ supports, especially the math mode symbols. Most of his text and all of his tables were included into the guide that you are holding now. The rest of the first edition of the guide was written and edited by Nancy Gilman, David Jedlinsky and Mary Vogt, with lots of comments (flamage) from \SIPB{} members and other people who experimented with the early versions of the guide. Robert French perfected this document to produce Revision 1. Later, Chee Chew, added more revisions (with more input/flamage from \SIPB{} members) to produce Revision 2. Revision 3 (which you are now reading) was revised (by Mark Eichin) to cover the replacement of \verb+dvi2ps+ by the superior \verb+dvips+, to acknowledge Athena's support of \LaTeX{}, and to include further \SIPB{} member comments. Thanks to John Kohl and Jean Marie Diaz for getting most of the original \TeX{} and \LaTeX{} system running on Athena in the first place; without their efforts, this guide would be useless. And, of course, thanks to Don Knuth, the author of \TeX{}, and Leslie Lamport, the author of \LaTeX{}; they have done an incredible job. \end{document}