This is doc/cpp.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.2 from doc/cpp.texi. INFO-DIR-SECTION Programming START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * Cpp: (cpp). The GNU C preprocessor. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY  File: cpp.info, Node: Invocation, Next: Environment Variables, Prev: Implementation Details, Up: Top Invocation ********** Most often when you use the C preprocessor you will not have to invoke it explicitly: the C compiler will do so automatically. However, the preprocessor is sometimes useful on its own. All the options listed here are also acceptable to the C compiler and have the same meaning, except that the C compiler has different rules for specifying the output file. *Note:* Whether you use the preprocessor by way of `gcc' or `cpp', the "compiler driver" is run first. This program's purpose is to translate your command into invocations of the programs that do the actual work. Their command line interfaces are similar but not identical to the documented interface, and may change without notice. The C preprocessor expects two file names as arguments, INFILE and OUTFILE. The preprocessor reads INFILE together with any other files it specifies with `#include'. All the output generated by the combined input files is written in OUTFILE. Either INFILE or OUTFILE may be `-', which as INFILE means to read from standard input and as OUTFILE means to write to standard output. Also, if either file is omitted, it means the same as if `-' had been specified for that file. Unless otherwise noted, or the option ends in `=', all options which take an argument may have that argument appear either immediately after the option, or with a space between option and argument: `-Ifoo' and `-I foo' have the same effect. Many options have multi-letter names; therefore multiple single-letter options may _not_ be grouped: `-dM' is very different from `-d -M'. `-D NAME' Predefine NAME as a macro, with definition `1'. `-D NAME=DEFINITION' Predefine NAME as a macro, with definition DEFINITION. There are no restrictions on the contents of DEFINITION, but if you are invoking the preprocessor from a shell or shell-like program you may need to use the shell's quoting syntax to protect characters such as spaces that have a meaning in the shell syntax. If you wish to define a function-like macro on the command line, write its argument list with surrounding parentheses before the equals sign (if any). Parentheses are meaningful to most shells, so you will need to quote the option. With `sh' and `csh', `-D'NAME(ARGS...)=DEFINITION'' works. `-D' and `-U' options are processed in the order they are given on the command line. All `-imacros FILE' and `-include FILE' options are processed after all `-D' and `-U' options. `-U NAME' Cancel any previous definition of NAME, either built in or provided with a `-D' option. `-undef' Do not predefine any system-specific macros. The common predefined macros remain defined. `-I DIR' Add the directory DIR to the list of directories to be searched for header files. *Note Search Path::. Directories named by `-I' are searched before the standard system include directories. It is dangerous to specify a standard system include directory in an `-I' option. This defeats the special treatment of system headers (*note System Headers::) . It can also defeat the repairs to buggy system headers which GCC makes when it is installed. `-o FILE' Write output to FILE. This is the same as specifying FILE as the second non-option argument to `cpp'. `gcc' has a different interpretation of a second non-option argument, so you must use `-o' to specify the output file. `-Wall' Turns on all optional warnings which are desirable for normal code. At present this is `-Wcomment' and `-Wtrigraphs'. Note that many of the preprocessor's warnings are on by default and have no options to control them. `-Wcomment' `-Wcomments' Warn whenever a comment-start sequence `/*' appears in a `/*' comment, or whenever a backslash-newline appears in a `//' comment. (Both forms have the same effect.) `-Wtrigraphs' Warn if any trigraphs are encountered. This option used to take effect only if `-trigraphs' was also specified, but now works independently. Warnings are not given for trigraphs within comments, as they do not affect the meaning of the program. `-Wtraditional' Warn about certain constructs that behave differently in traditional and ISO C. Also warn about ISO C constructs that have no traditional C equivalent, and problematic constructs which should be avoided. *Note Traditional Mode::. `-Wimport' Warn the first time `#import' is used. `-Wundef' Warn whenever an identifier which is not a macro is encountered in an `#if' directive, outside of `defined'. Such identifiers are replaced with zero. `-Werror' Make all warnings into hard errors. Source code which triggers warnings will be rejected. `-Wsystem-headers' Issue warnings for code in system headers. These are normally unhelpful in finding bugs in your own code, therefore suppressed. If you are responsible for the system library, you may want to see them. `-w' Suppress all warnings, including those which GNU CPP issues by default. `-pedantic' Issue all the mandatory diagnostics listed in the C standard. Some of them are left out by default, since they trigger frequently on harmless code. `-pedantic-errors' Issue all the mandatory diagnostics, and make all mandatory diagnostics into errors. This includes mandatory diagnostics that GCC issues without `-pedantic' but treats as warnings. `-M' Instead of outputting the result of preprocessing, output a rule suitable for `make' describing the dependencies of the main source file. The preprocessor outputs one `make' rule containing the object file name for that source file, a colon, and the names of all the included files, including those coming from `-include' or `-imacros' command line options. Unless specified explicitly (with `-MT' or `-MQ'), the object file name consists of the basename of the source file with any suffix replaced with object file suffix. If there are many included files then the rule is split into several lines using `\'-newline. The rule has no commands. This option does not suppress the preprocessor's debug output, such as `-dM'. To avoid mixing such debug output with the dependency rules you should explicitly specify the dependency output file with `-MF', or use an environment variable like `DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT' (*note DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT::). Debug output will still be sent to the regular output stream as normal. Passing `-M' to the driver implies `-E'. `-MM' Like `-M' but do not mention header files that are found in system header directories, nor header files that are included, directly or indirectly, from such a header. This implies that the choice of angle brackets or double quotes in an `#include' directive does not in itself determine whether that header will appear in `-MM' dependency output. This is a slight change in semantics from GCC versions 3.0 and earlier. `-MF FILE' When used with `-M' or `-MM', specifies a file to write the dependencies to. If no `-MF' switch is given the preprocessor sends the rules to the same place it would have sent preprocessed output. When used with the driver options `-MD' or `-MMD', `-MF' overrides the default dependency output file. `-MG' When used with `-M' or `-MM', `-MG' says to treat missing header files as generated files and assume they live in the same directory as the source file. It suppresses preprocessed output, as a missing header file is ordinarily an error. This feature is used in automatic updating of makefiles. `-MP' This option instructs CPP to add a phony target for each dependency other than the main file, causing each to depend on nothing. These dummy rules work around errors `make' gives if you remove header files without updating the `Makefile' to match. This is typical output: test.o: test.c test.h test.h: `-MT TARGET' Change the target of the rule emitted by dependency generation. By default CPP takes the name of the main input file, including any path, deletes any file suffix such as `.c', and appends the platform's usual object suffix. The result is the target. An `-MT' option will set the target to be exactly the string you specify. If you want multiple targets, you can specify them as a single argument to `-MT', or use multiple `-MT' options. For example, `-MT '$(objpfx)foo.o'' might give $(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c `-MQ TARGET' Same as `-MT', but it quotes any characters which are special to Make. `-MQ '$(objpfx)foo.o'' gives $$(objpfx)foo.o: foo.c The default target is automatically quoted, as if it were given with `-MQ'. `-MD' `-MD' is equivalent to `-M -MF FILE', except that `-E' is not implied. The driver determines FILE based on whether an `-o' option is given. If it is, the driver uses its argument but with a suffix of `.d', otherwise it take the basename of the input file and applies a `.d' suffix. If `-MD' is used in conjunction with `-E', any `-o' switch is understood to specify the dependency output file (but *note -MF::), but if used without `-E', each `-o' is understood to specify a target object file. Since `-E' is not implied, `-MD' can be used to generate a dependency output file as a side-effect of the compilation process. `-MMD' Like `-MD' except mention only user header files, not system -header files. `-x c' `-x c++' `-x objective-c' `-x assembler-with-cpp' Specify the source language: C, C++, Objective-C, or assembly. This has nothing to do with standards conformance or extensions; it merely selects which base syntax to expect. If you give none of these options, cpp will deduce the language from the extension of the source file: `.c', `.cc', `.m', or `.S'. Some other common extensions for C++ and assembly are also recognized. If cpp does not recognize the extension, it will treat the file as C; this is the most generic mode. *Note:* Previous versions of cpp accepted a `-lang' option which selected both the language and the standards conformance level. This option has been removed, because it conflicts with the `-l' option. `-std=STANDARD' `-ansi' Specify the standard to which the code should conform. Currently cpp only knows about the standards for C; other language standards will be added in the future. STANDARD may be one of: `iso9899:1990' `c89' The ISO C standard from 1990. `c89' is the customary shorthand for this version of the standard. The `-ansi' option is equivalent to `-std=c89'. `iso9899:199409' The 1990 C standard, as amended in 1994. `iso9899:1999' `c99' `iso9899:199x' `c9x' The revised ISO C standard, published in December 1999. Before publication, this was known as C9X. `gnu89' The 1990 C standard plus GNU extensions. This is the default. `gnu99' `gnu9x' The 1999 C standard plus GNU extensions. `-I-' Split the include path. Any directories specified with `-I' options before `-I-' are searched only for headers requested with `#include "FILE"'; they are not searched for `#include '. If additional directories are specified with `-I' options after the `-I-', those directories are searched for all `#include' directives. In addition, `-I-' inhibits the use of the directory of the current file directory as the first search directory for `#include "FILE"'. *Note Search Path::. `-nostdinc' Do not search the standard system directories for header files. Only the directories you have specified with `-I' options (and the directory of the current file, if appropriate) are searched. `-nostdinc++' Do not search for header files in the C++-specific standard directories, but do still search the other standard directories. (This option is used when building the C++ library.) `-include FILE' Process FILE as if `#include "file"' appeared as the first line of the primary source file. However, the first directory searched for FILE is the preprocessor's working directory _instead of_ the directory containing the main source file. If not found there, it is searched for in the remainder of the `#include "..."' search chain as normal. If multiple `-include' options are given, the files are included in the order they appear on the command line. `-imacros FILE' Exactly like `-include', except that any output produced by scanning FILE is thrown away. Macros it defines remain defined. This allows you to acquire all the macros from a header without also processing its declarations. All files specified by `-imacros' are processed before all files specified by `-include'. `-idirafter DIR' Search DIR for header files, but do it _after_ all directories specified with `-I' and the standard system directories have been exhausted. DIR is treated as a system include directory. `-iprefix PREFIX' Specify PREFIX as the prefix for subsequent `-iwithprefix' options. If the prefix represents a directory, you should include the final `/'. `-iwithprefix DIR' `-iwithprefixbefore DIR' Append DIR to the prefix specified previously with `-iprefix', and add the resulting directory to the include search path. `-iwithprefixbefore' puts it in the same place `-I' would; `-iwithprefix' puts it where `-idirafter' would. Use of these options is discouraged. `-isystem DIR' Search DIR for header files, after all directories specified by `-I' but before the standard system directories. Mark it as a system directory, so that it gets the same special treatment as is applied to the standard system directories. *Note System Headers::. `-fpreprocessed' Indicate to the preprocessor that the input file has already been preprocessed. This suppresses things like macro expansion, trigraph conversion, escaped newline splicing, and processing of most directives. The preprocessor still recognizes and removes comments, so that you can pass a file preprocessed with `-C' to the compiler without problems. In this mode the integrated preprocessor is little more than a tokenizer for the front ends. `-fpreprocessed' is implicit if the input file has one of the extensions `.i', `.ii' or `.mi'. These are the extensions that GCC uses for preprocessed files created by `-save-temps'. `-ftabstop=WIDTH' Set the distance between tab stops. This helps the preprocessor report correct column numbers in warnings or errors, even if tabs appear on the line. If the value is less than 1 or greater than 100, the option is ignored. The default is 8. `-fno-show-column' Do not print column numbers in diagnostics. This may be necessary if diagnostics are being scanned by a program that does not understand the column numbers, such as `dejagnu'. `-A PREDICATE=ANSWER' Make an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER. This form is preferred to the older form `-A PREDICATE(ANSWER)', which is still supported, because it does not use shell special characters. *Note Assertions::. `-A -PREDICATE=ANSWER' Cancel an assertion with the predicate PREDICATE and answer ANSWER. `-A-' Cancel all predefined assertions and all assertions preceding it on the command line. Also, undefine all predefined macros and all macros preceding it on the command line. (This is a historical wart and may change in the future.) `-dCHARS' CHARS is a sequence of one or more of the following characters, and must not be preceded by a space. Other characters are interpreted by the compiler proper, or reserved for future versions of GCC, and so are silently ignored. If you specify characters whose behavior conflicts, the result is undefined. `M' Instead of the normal output, generate a list of `#define' directives for all the macros defined during the execution of the preprocessor, including predefined macros. This gives you a way of finding out what is predefined in your version of the preprocessor. Assuming you have no file `foo.h', the command touch foo.h; cpp -dM foo.h will show all the predefined macros. `D' Like `M' except in two respects: it does _not_ include the predefined macros, and it outputs _both_ the `#define' directives and the result of preprocessing. Both kinds of output go to the standard output file. `N' Like `D', but emit only the macro names, not their expansions. `I' Output `#include' directives in addition to the result of preprocessing. `-P' Inhibit generation of linemarkers in the output from the preprocessor. This might be useful when running the preprocessor on something that is not C code, and will be sent to a program which might be confused by the linemarkers. *Note Preprocessor Output::. `-C' Do not discard comments. All comments are passed through to the output file, except for comments in processed directives, which are deleted along with the directive. You should be prepared for side effects when using `-C'; it causes the preprocessor to treat comments as tokens in their own right. For example, comments appearing at the start of what would be a directive line have the effect of turning that line into an ordinary source line, since the first token on the line is no longer a `#'. `-gcc' Define the macros __GNUC__, __GNUC_MINOR__ and __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__. These are defined automatically when you use `gcc -E'; you can turn them off in that case with `-no-gcc'. `-traditional' Try to imitate the behavior of old-fashioned C, as opposed to ISO C. *Note Traditional Mode::. `-trigraphs' Process trigraph sequences. *Note Initial processing::. `-remap' Enable special code to work around file systems which only permit very short file names, such as MS-DOS. `-$' Forbid the use of `$' in identifiers. The C standard allows implementations to define extra characters that can appear in identifiers. By default GNU CPP permits `$', a common extension. `-h' `--help' `--target-help' Print text describing all the command line options instead of preprocessing anything. `-v' Verbose mode. Print out GNU CPP's version number at the beginning of execution, and report the final form of the include path. `-H' Print the name of each header file used, in addition to other normal activities. Each name is indented to show how deep in the `#include' stack it is. `-version' `--version' Print out GNU CPP's version number. With one dash, proceed to preprocess as normal. With two dashes, exit immediately.  File: cpp.info, Node: Environment Variables, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Invocation, Up: Top Environment Variables ********************* This section describes the environment variables that affect how CPP operates. You can use them to specify directories or prefixes to use when searching for include files, or to control dependency output. Note that you can also specify places to search using options such as `-I', and control dependency output with options like `-M' (*note Invocation::). These take precedence over environment variables, which in turn take precedence over the configuration of GCC. `CPATH' `C_INCLUDE_PATH' `CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH' `OBJC_INCLUDE_PATH' Each variable's value is a list of directories separated by a special character, much like `PATH', in which to look for header files. The special character, `PATH_SEPARATOR', is target-dependent and determined at GCC build time. For Windows-based targets it is a semicolon, and for almost all other targets it is a colon. `CPATH' specifies a list of directories to be searched as if specified with `-I', but after any paths given with `-I' options on the command line. The environment variable is used regardless of which language is being preprocessed. The remaining environment variables apply only when preprocessing the particular language indicated. Each specifies a list of directories to be searched as if specified with `-isystem', but after any paths given with `-isystem' options on the command line. See also *Note Search Path::. `DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT' If this variable is set, its value specifies how to output dependencies for Make based on the non-system header files processed by the compiler. System header files are ignored in the dependency output. The value of `DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT' can be just a file name, in which case the Make rules are written to that file, guessing the target name from the source file name. Or the value can have the form `FILE TARGET', in which case the rules are written to file FILE using TARGET as the target name. In other words, this environment variable is equivalent to combining the options `-MM' and `-MF' (*note Invocation::), with an optional `-MT' switch too. `SUNPRO_DEPENDENCIES' This variable is the same as the environment variable `DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT' (*note DEPENDENCIES_OUTPUT::), except that system header files are not ignored, so it implies `-M' rather than `-MM'. However, the dependence on the main input file is omitted. *Note Invocation::.  File: cpp.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Option Index, Prev: Environment Variables, Up: Top GNU Free Documentation License ****************************** Version 1.1, March 2000 Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. 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