barplot {graphics}R Documentation

Bar Plots

Description

Creates a bar plot with vertical or horizontal bars.

Usage

## Default S3 method:
barplot(height, width = 1, space = NULL,
        names.arg = NULL, legend.text = NULL, beside = FALSE,
        horiz = FALSE, density = NULL, angle = 45,
        col = NULL, border = par("fg"),
        main = NULL, sub = NULL, xlab = NULL, ylab = NULL,
        xlim = NULL, ylim = NULL, xpd = TRUE,
        axes = TRUE, axisnames = TRUE,
        cex.axis = par("cex.axis"), cex.names = par("cex.axis"),
        inside = TRUE, plot = TRUE, axis.lty = 0, offset = 0, ...)

Arguments

height either a vector or matrix of values describing the bars which make up the plot. If height is a vector, the plot consists of a sequence of rectangular bars with heights given by the values in the vector. If height is a matrix and beside is FALSE then each bar of the plot corresponds to a column of height, with the values in the column giving the heights of stacked “sub-bars” making up the bar. If height is a matrix and beside is TRUE, then the values in each column are juxtaposed rather than stacked.
width optional vector of bar widths. Re-cycled to length the number of bars drawn. Specifying a single value will no visible effect unless xlim is specified.
space the amount of space (as a fraction of the average bar width) left before each bar. May be given as a single number or one number per bar. If height is a matrix and beside is TRUE, space may be specified by two numbers, where the first is the space between bars in the same group, and the second the space between the groups. If not given explicitly, it defaults to c(0,1) if height is a matrix and beside is TRUE, and to 0.2 otherwise.
names.arg a vector of names to be plotted below each bar or group of bars. If this argument is omitted, then the names are taken from the names attribute of height if this is a vector, or the column names if it is a matrix.
legend.text a vector of text used to construct a legend for the plot, or a logical indicating whether a legend should be included. This is only useful when height is a matrix. In that case given legend labels should correspond to the rows of height; if legend.text is true, the row names of height will be used as labels if they are non-null.
beside a logical value. If FALSE, the columns of height are portrayed as stacked bars, and if TRUE the columns are portrayed as juxtaposed bars.
horiz a logical value. If FALSE, the bars are drawn vertically with the first bar to the left. If TRUE, the bars are drawn horizontally with the first at the bottom.
density a vector giving the density of shading lines, in lines per inch, for the bars or bar components. The default value of NULL means that no shading lines are drawn. Non-positive values of density also inhibit the drawing of shading lines.
angle the slope of shading lines, given as an angle in degrees (counter-clockwise), for the bars or bar components.
col a vector of colors for the bars or bar components. By default, grey is used if height is a vector, and heat.colors(nrow(height)) if height is a matrix.
border the color to be used for the border of the bars.
main,sub overall and sub title for the plot.
xlab a label for the x axis.
ylab a label for the y axis.
xlim limits for the x axis.
ylim limits for the y axis.
xpd logical. Should bars be allowed to go outside region?
axes logical. If TRUE, a vertical (or horizontal, if horiz is true) axis is drawn.
axisnames logical. If TRUE, and if there are names.arg (see above), the other axis is drawn (with lty=0) and labeled.
cex.axis expansion factor for numeric axis labels.
cex.names expansion factor for axis names (bar labels).
inside logical. If TRUE, the lines which divide adjacent (non-stacked!) bars will be drawn. Only applies when space = 0 (which it partly is when beside = TRUE).
plot logical. If FALSE, nothing is plotted.
axis.lty the graphics parameter lty applied to the axis and tick marks of the categorical (default horizontal) axis. Note that by default the axis is suppressed.
offset a vector indicating how much the bars should be shifted relative to the x axis.
... further graphical parameters (par) are passed to plot.window(), title() and axis.

Details

This is a generic function, it currently only has a default method. A formula interface may be added eventually.

Value

A numeric vector (or matrix, when beside = TRUE), say mp, giving the coordinates of all the bar midpoints drawn, useful for adding to the graph.
If beside is true, use colMeans(mp) for the midpoints of each group of bars, see example.

Note

Prior to R 1.6.0, barplot behaved as if axis.lty = 1, unintentionally.

References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

See Also

plot(..., type="h"), dotchart, hist.

Examples

tN <- table(Ni <- rpois(100, lambda=5))
r <- barplot(tN, col='gray')
#- type = "h" plotting *is* 'bar'plot
lines(r, tN, type='h', col='red', lwd=2)

barplot(tN, space = 1.5, axisnames=FALSE,
        sub = "barplot(..., space= 1.5, axisnames = FALSE)")

data(VADeaths, package = "base")
barplot(VADeaths, plot = FALSE)
barplot(VADeaths, plot = FALSE, beside = TRUE)

mp <- barplot(VADeaths) # default
tot <- colMeans(VADeaths)
text(mp, tot + 3, format(tot), xpd = TRUE, col = "blue")
barplot(VADeaths, beside = TRUE,
        col = c("lightblue", "mistyrose", "lightcyan",
                "lavender", "cornsilk"),
        legend = rownames(VADeaths), ylim = c(0, 100))
title(main = "Death Rates in Virginia", font.main = 4)

hh <- t(VADeaths)[, 5:1]
mybarcol <- "gray20"
mp <- barplot(hh, beside = TRUE,
        col = c("lightblue", "mistyrose",
                "lightcyan", "lavender"),
        legend = colnames(VADeaths), ylim= c(0,100),
        main = "Death Rates in Virginia", font.main = 4,
        sub = "Faked upper 2*sigma error bars", col.sub = mybarcol,
        cex.names = 1.5)
segments(mp, hh, mp, hh + 2*sqrt(1000*hh/100), col = mybarcol, lwd = 1.5)
stopifnot(dim(mp) == dim(hh))# corresponding matrices
mtext(side = 1, at = colMeans(mp), line = -2,
      text = paste("Mean", formatC(colMeans(hh))), col = "red")

# Bar shading example
barplot(VADeaths, angle = 15+10*1:5, density = 20, col = "black",
        legend = rownames(VADeaths))
title(main = list("Death Rates in Virginia", font = 4))

# border :
barplot(VADeaths, border = "dark blue") 

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