| reshape {stats} | R Documentation |
This function reshapes a data frame between ‘wide’ format with repeated measurements in separate columns of the same record and ‘long’ format with the repeated measurements in separate records.
reshape(data, varying = NULL, v.names = NULL, timevar = "time",
idvar = "id", ids = 1:NROW(data),
times = seq(length = length(varying[[1]])),
drop = NULL, direction, new.row.names = NULL,
split = list(regexp="\.", include=FALSE))
data |
a data frame |
varying |
names of sets of variables in the wide format that
correspond to single variables in long format
(‘time-varying’). A list of vectors (or optionally a matrix
for direction="wide"). See below for more details and
options. |
v.names |
names of variables in the long format that correspond to multiple variables in the wide format. |
timevar |
the variable in long format that differentiates multiple records from the same group or individual. |
idvar |
the variable in long format that identifies multiple records from the same group/individual. This variable may also be present in wide format. |
ids |
the values to use for a newly created idvar
variable in long format. |
times |
the values to use for a newly created timevar
variable in long format. |
drop |
a vector of names of variables to drop before reshaping |
direction |
character string, either "wide" to reshape to
wide format, or "long" to reshape to long format. |
new.row.names |
logical; if TRUE and direction="wide",
create new row names in long format from the values of the id and
time variables. |
split |
information for guessing the varying,
v.names, and times arguments. See below for details. |
The arguments to this function are described in terms of longitudinal data, as that is the application motivating the functions. A ‘wide’ longitudinal dataset will have one record for each individual with some time-constant variables that occupy single columns and some time-varying variables that occupy a column for each time point. In ‘long’ format there will be multiple records for each individual, with some variables being constant across these records and others varying across the records. A ‘long’ format dataset also needs a ‘time’ variable identifying which time point each record comes from and an ‘id’ variable showing which records refer to the same person.
If the data frame resulted from a previous reshape then the
operation can be reversed by specifying just the direction
argument. The other arguments are stored as attributes on the data frame.
If direction="long" and no varying or v.names
arguments are supplied it is assumed that all variables except
idvar and timevar are time-varying. They are all
expanded into multiple variables in wide format.
If direction="wide" the varying argument can be a vector
of column names or column numbers (converted to column names). The
function will attempt to guess the v.names and times from
these names. The default is variable names like x.1,
x.2,where split=list(regexp="\.",include=FALSE) to
specifies to split at the dot and drop it from the name. To have alphabetic
followed by numeric times use
split=list(regexp="[A-Za-z][0-9]",include=TRUE). This splits
between the alphabetic and numeric parts of the name and does not drop
the regular expression.
The reshaped data frame with added attributes to simplify reshaping back to the original form.
data(Indometh)
summary(Indometh)
wide <- reshape(Indometh, v.names="conc", idvar="Subject",
timevar="time", direction="wide")
wide
reshape(wide, direction="long")
reshape(wide, idvar="Subject", varying=list(names(wide)[2:12]),
v.names="conc", direction="long")
## times need not be numeric
df <- data.frame(id=rep(1:4,rep(2,4)), visit=I(rep(c("Before","After"),4)),
x=rnorm(4), y=runif(4))
df
reshape(df, timevar="visit", idvar="id", direction="wide")
## warns that y is really varying
reshape(df, timevar="visit", idvar="id", direction="wide", v.names="x")
## unbalanced 'long' data leads to NA fill in 'wide' form
df2 <- df[1:7,]
df2
reshape(df2, timevar="visit", idvar="id", direction="wide")
## Alternative regular expressions for guessing names
df3 <- data.frame(id=1:4, age=c(40,50,60,50), dose1=c(1,2,1,2),
dose2=c(2,1,2,1), dose4=c(3,3,3,3))
reshape(df3, direction="long", varying=3:5,
split=list(regexp="[a-z][0-9]", include=TRUE))
## an example that isn't longitudinal data
data(state)
state.x77 <- as.data.frame(state.x77)
long <- reshape(state.x77, idvar="state", ids=row.names(state.x77),
times=names(state.x77), timevar="Characteristic",
varying=list(names(state.x77)), direction="long")
reshape(long, direction="wide")
reshape(long, direction="wide", new.row.names=unique(long$state))