| Arithmetic {base} | R Documentation |
These binary operators perform arithmetic on numeric or complex vectors (or objects which can be coerced to them).
x + y x - y x * y x / y x ^ y x %% y x %/% y
x, y |
numeric or complex vectors or objects which can be coerced to such, or other objects for which methods have been written. |
The binary arithmetic operators are generic functions: methods can be
written for them individually or via the Ops) group generic
function.
If applied to arrays the result will be an array if this is sensible (for example it will not if the recycling rule has been invoked).
Logical vectors will be coerced to numeric vectors, FALSE
having value 0 and TRUE having value one.
1 ^ y and y ^ 0 are 1, always.
x ^ y should also give the proper “limit” result when
either argument is infinite (i.e., +- Inf).
Objects such as arrays or time-series can be operated on this way provided they are conformable.
They return numeric vectors containing the result of the element
by element operations. The elements of shorter vectors are recycled
as necessary (with a warning when they are recycled only
fractionally). The operators are + for addition,
- for subtraction, * for multiplication, / for
division and ^ for exponentiation.
%% indicates x mod y and %/% indicates
integer division. It is guaranteed that x == (x %% y) + y * ( x
%/% y ) unless y == 0 where the result is NA or
NaN (depending on the typeof of the
arguments).
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
sqrt for miscellaneous and Special for special
mathematical functions.
Syntax for operator precedence.
x <- -1:12 x + 1 2 * x + 3 x %% 2 #-- is periodic x %/% 5