EExx//VVii RReeffeerreennccee MMaannuuaall _K_e_i_t_h _B_o_s_t_i_c Computer Science Division Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California 94720 August 16, 1994 _A_b_s_t_r_a_c_t This document is the reference guide for the 4.4BSD implementations of nneexx/nnvvii, which are reimplementations of the historic Berkeley eexx/vvii editors. _A_c_k_n_o_w_l_e_d_g_e_m_e_n_t_s Bruce Englar encouraged the early development of the historic eexx/vvii editor. Peter Kessler helped bring sanity to version 2's command layout. Bill Joy wrote versions 1 and 2.0 through 2.7, and created the frame- work that users see in the present editor. Mark Horton added macros and other features and made eexx/vvii work on a large number of terminals and Unix systems. NNvvii is originally derived from software contributed to the University of California, Berkeley by Steve Kirk- endall, the author of the vvii clone eellvviiss. IEEE Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments (POSIX) 1003.2 style Regular Expression support was done by Henry Spencer. The curses library was originally done by Ken Arnold. Scrolling and reworking for nnvvii was done by Elan Amir. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi- neers has given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation. Portions of this document are reprinted and reproduced from IEEE Std 1003.2-1992, IEEE Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Comput- er Environments (POSIX), copyright 1992 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. The financial support of UUNET Communications Ser- vices is gratefully acknowledged. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--33 11.. DDeessccrriippttiioonn VVii is a screen oriented text editor. EExx is a line- oriented text editor. EExx and vvii are different interfaces to the same program, and it is possible to switch back and forth during an edit session. VViieeww is the equivalent of using the --RR (read-only) option of vvii. This reference manual is the one provided with the nneexx/nnvvii versions of the eexx/vvii text editors. NNeexx/nnvvii are intended as bug-for-bug compatible replacements for the original Fourth Berkeley Software Distribution (4BSD) eexx/vvii programs. This reference manual is accompanied by a tradi- tional-style manual page. That manual page describes the functionality found in eexx/vvii in far less detail than the description here. In addition, it describes the system interface to eexx/vvii, e.g. command line options, session recovery, signals, environmental variables, and similar things. This reference is intended for users already familiar with eexx/vvii. Anyone else should almost certainly read a good tutorial on the editor first. If you are in an unfamiliar environment, and you absolutely have to get work done imme- diately, see the section entitled "FFaasstt SSttaarrttuupp" in the man- ual page. It is probably enough to get you started. There are a few features in nneexx/nnvvii that are not found in historic versions of eexx/vvii. Some of the more interesting of those features are briefly described in the section enti- tled "AAddddiittiioonnaall FFeeaattuurreess" near the end of this document. For the rest of this document, nneexx/nnvvii is used only when it is necessary to distinguish it from the historic implementa- tions of eexx/vvii. Future versions of this software will be periodically made available by anonymous ftp, and can be retrieved from ffttpp..ccss..bbeerrkkeelleeyy..eedduu, in the directory uuccbb//44bbssdd. 22.. SSttaarrttuupp IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn EExx/vvii interprets one of two possible environmental variables and reads up to three of five possible files dur- ing startup. The variables and files are expected to con- tain eexx commands, not vvii commands. In addition, they are interpreted _b_e_f_o_r_e the file to be edited is read, and there- fore many eexx commands may not be used. Generally, any com- mand that requires output to the screen or that needs a file upon which to operate, will cause an error if included in a startup file or environmental variable. Because the eexx command set supported by nneexx/nnvvii is a superset of the command set supported by most historical UUSSDD::1133--44 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee implementations of eexx, nneexx/nnvvii can use the startup files created for the historical implementations, but the converse may not be true. If the --ss (the historic - option) is specified, or if standard input is redirected from a file, all environmental variables and startup files are ignored. Otherwise, startup files and environmental variables are handled in the following order: (1) The file //eettcc//vvii..eexxrrcc is read, as long as it is owned by root or the effective user ID of the user. (2) The environmental variable NNEEXXIINNIITT (or the variable EEXXIINNIITT, if NNEEXXIINNIITT is not set) is interpreted. (3) If neither NNEEXXIINNIITT or EEXXIINNIITT was set, and the HHOOMMEE environmental variable is set, the file $$HHOOMMEE//..nneexxrrcc (or the file $$HHOOMMEE//..eexxrrcc, if $$HHOOMMEE//..nneexxrrcc does not exist) is read, as long as the effective user ID of the user is root or is the same as the owner of the file. (4) If the eexxrrcc option was turned on by one of the previ- ous startup information sources, the file ..nneexxrrcc (or the file ..eexxrrcc, if ..nneexxrrcc does not exist) is read, as long as the effective user ID of the user is the same as the owner of the file. No startup file is read if it is writable by anyone other than its owner. It is not an error for any of the startup environmental variables or files not to exist. Once all environmental variables are interpreted, and all startup files are read, the first file to be edited is read in (or a temporary file is created). Then, any com- mands specified using the --cc option are executed, in the context of that file. 33.. RReeccoovveerryy There is no recovery program for nneexx/nnvvii, nor does nneexx/nnvvii run setuid. Recovery files are created readable and writable by the owner only. Users may recover any file which they can read, and the superuser may recover any edit session. Edit sessions are backed by files in the directory named by the rreeccddiirr option (the directory //vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr by default), and are named "vvii..XXXXXXXXXXXX", NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--55 where "XXXXXXXXXXXX" is a number related to the process ID. When a file is first modified, a second recovery file containing an email message for the user is created, and is named "rreeccoovveerr..XXXXXXXXXXXX", where, again, "XXXXXXXXXXXX" is associated with the process ID. Both files are removed at the end of a nor- mal edit session, but will remain if the edit session is abnormally terminated or the user runs the eexx pprreesseerrvvee com- mand. The rreeccddiirr option may be set in either the user's or system's startup information, changing the recovery direc- tory. (Note, however, that if a memory based file system is used as the backup directory, each system reboot will delete all of the recovery files! The same caution applies to directories such as //ttmmpp which are cleared of their contents by a system reboot, or //uussrr//ttmmpp which is periodically cleared of old files on many systems.) The recovery directory should be owned by root, or at least by a pseudo-user. In addition, if directory "sticky- bit" semantics are available, the directory should have the sticky-bit set so that files may only be removed by their owners. The recovery directory must be read, write, and executable by any user, i.e. mode 1777. If the recovery directory does not exist, eexx/vvii will attempt to create it. This can result in the recovery directory being owned by a normal user, which means that that user will be able to remove other user's recovery and backup files. This is annoying, but is not a security issue as the user cannot otherwise access or modify the files. The recovery file has all of the necessary information in it to enable the user to recover the edit session. In addition, it has all of the necessary email headers for _s_e_n_d_m_a_i_l(8). When the system is rebooted, all of the files in //vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr named "rreeccoovveerr..XXXXXXXXXXXX" should be sent to their owners, by email, using the --tt option of sseennddmmaaiill (or a similar mechanism in other mailers). If eexx/vvii receives a hangup (SIGHUP) signal, or the user executes the eexx pprreesseerrvvee command, eexx/vvii will automatically email the recovery information to the user. If your system does not have the sseennddmmaaiill utility (or a mailer program which supports its interface) the source file nnvvii//ccoommmmoonn//rreeccoovveerr..cc will have to be modified to use your local mail delivery programs. Note, if nneexx/nnvvii is changed to use another mailer, it is important to remember that the owner of the file given to the mailer is the nneexx/nnvvii user, so nothing in the file should be trusted as it may have been modified in an effort to compromise the system. UUSSDD::1133--66 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee Finally, the owner execute bit is set on backup files when they are created, and unset when they are first modi- fied, e.g. backup files that have no associated email recov- ery file will have this bit set. (There is also a small window where empty files can be created and not yet have this bit set. This is due to the method in which the files are created.) Such files should be deleted when the system reboots. A simple way to do this cleanup is to insert the fol- lowing Bourne shell script into your //eettcc//rrcc..llooccaall (or other startup) file. The script should work with the historic Bourne shell, a POSIX 1003.2 shell or the Korn shell. (A copy of this script is included as nnvvii//iinnssttaallll//rreeccoovveerr..ssccrriipptt in the nneexx/nnvvii distribution.) NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--77 ## @@((##))rreeccoovveerr..ssccrriipptt 88..77 ((BBeerrkkeelleeyy)) 88//1166//9944 ## ## SSccrriipptt ttoo rreeccoovveerr nnvvii eeddiitt sseessssiioonnss.. ## RREECCDDIIRR==//vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr SSEENNDDMMAAIILL==//uussrr//lliibb//sseennddmmaaiill eecchhoo ''RReeccoovveerriinngg nnvvii eeddiittoorr sseessssiioonnss..'' ## CChheecckk eeddiittoorr bbaacckkuupp ffiilleess.. vviibbaacckkuupp==``eecchhoo $$RREECCDDIIRR//vvii..**`` iiff [[ ""$$vviibbaacckkuupp"" !!== ""$$RREECCDDIIRR//vvii..**"" ]];; tthheenn ffoorr ii iinn $$vviibbaacckkuupp;; ddoo ## OOnnllyy tteesstt ffiilleess tthhaatt aarree rreeaaddaabbllee.. iiff tteesstt !! --rr $$ii;; tthheenn ccoonnttiinnuuee ffii ## UUnnmmooddiiffiieedd nnvvii eeddiittoorr bbaacckkuupp ffiilleess eeiitthheerr hhaavvee tthhee ## eexxeeccuuttee bbiitt sseett oorr aarree zzeerroo lleennggtthh.. DDeelleettee tthheemm.. iiff tteesstt --xx $$ii --oo !! --ss $$ii;; tthheenn rrmm $$ii ffii ddoonnee ffii ## IItt iiss ppoossssiibbllee ttoo ggeett iinnccoommpplleettee rreeccoovveerryy ffiilleess,, iiff tthhee eeddiittoorr ccrraasshheess ## aatt tthhee rriigghhtt ttiimmee.. vviirreeccoovveerryy==``eecchhoo $$RREECCDDIIRR//rreeccoovveerr..**`` iiff [[ ""$$vviirreeccoovveerryy"" !!== ""$$RREECCDDIIRR//rreeccoovveerr..**"" ]];; tthheenn ffoorr ii iinn $$vviirreeccoovveerryy;; ddoo ## OOnnllyy tteesstt ffiilleess tthhaatt aarree rreeaaddaabbllee.. iiff tteesstt !! --rr $$ii;; tthheenn ccoonnttiinnuuee ffii ## DDeelleettee aannyy rreeccoovveerryy ffiilleess tthhaatt aarree zzeerroo lleennggtthh,, ccoorrrruupptteedd,, ## oorr tthhaatt hhaavvee nnoo ccoorrrreessppoonnddiinngg bbaacckkuupp ffiillee.. EEllssee sseenndd mmaaiill ## ttoo tthhee uusseerr.. rreeccffiillee==``aawwkk ''//^^XX--vvii--rreeccoovveerr--ppaatthh:://{{pprriinntt $$22}}'' << $$ii`` iiff tteesstt --nn ""$$rreeccffiillee"" --aa --ss ""$$rreeccffiillee"";; tthheenn $$SSEENNDDMMAAIILL --tt << $$ii eellssee rrmm $$ii ffii ddoonnee ffii If you are not using the default value for the rreeccddiirr option, be sure to substitute the value you're using for the RREECCDDIIRR value in the recovery script. UUSSDD::1133--88 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee If the path of your system's sseennddmmaaiill program (or what- ever mailer you're using) is not //uussrr//lliibb//sseennddmmaaiill, be sure to substitute the correct pathname for the SSEENNDDMMAAIILL value in the recovery script. Consult the manual page for details on recovering preserved or aborted editing sessions. 44.. SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn The size of the screen can be set in a number of ways. EExx/vvii takes the following steps until values are obtained for both the number of rows and number of columns in the screen. (1) If the environmental variable LLIINNEESS exists, it is used to specify the number of rows in the screen. (2) If the environmental variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS exists, it is used to specify the number of columns in the screen. (3) The TIOCGWINSZ _i_o_c_t_l(2) is attempted on the standard error file descriptor. (4) The termcap entry (or terminfo entry on System V machines) is checked for the "li" entry (rows) and the "co" entry (columns). (5) The number of rows is set to 24, and the number of columns is set to 80. If a window change size signal (SIGWINCH) is received, the new window size is retrieved using the TIOCGWINSZ _i_o_c_t_l(2) call, and all other information is ignored. 55.. CChhaarraacctteerr DDiissppllaayy In both eexx and vvii printable characters as defined by _i_s_p_r_i_n_t(3) are displayed using the local character set. Non-printable characters, for which _i_s_c_n_t_r_l(3) returns true, and which are less than octal \076, are displayed as the string "^^<>", where <> is the charac- ter that is the original character's value offset from the "@@" character. For example, the octal character \001 is displayed as "^^AA". If _i_s_c_n_t_r_l(3) returns true for the octal character \177, it is displayed as the string "^^??". All other characters are displayed as either hexadecimal values, in the form "00xx<> ...... 00xx<>", or as octal values, in the form "\\<> ...... \\<>". The display of unknown characters is based on the value of the ooccttaall option. In vvii command mode, the cursor is always positioned on the last column of characters which take up more than one NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--99 column on the screen. In vvii text input mode, the cursor is positioned on the first column of characters which take up more than one column on the screen. 66.. MMuullttiippllee SSccrreeeennss NNvvii supports multiple screens by dividing the window into regions. It also supports stacks of screens by permit- ting the user to change the set of screens that are cur- rently displayed. The command sspplliitt divides the current screen into two regions of approximately equal size. If a list of files are specified as arguments to the sspplliitt command, the list of files to be edited is initialized as if the nneexxtt command had been used. If no files are specified, the new screen will begin by editing the same file as the previous screen. When more than one screen is editing a file, changes in any screen are reflected in all other screens editing the same file. Exiting any screen without saving any changes (or explicitly discarding them) is permitted until the last screen editing the file is exited. The rreessiizzee command permits resizing of individual screens. Screens may be grown, shrunk or set to an absolute number of rows. The ^^WW command is used to switch between screens. Each ^^WW moves to the next lower screen in the window, or to the first screen in the window if there are no lower screens. The bbgg command "backgrounds" the current screen. The screen disappears from the window, and the rows it occupied are taken over by a neighboring screen. It is an error to attempt to background the only screen in the window. The ddiissppllaayy ssccrreeeennss command displays the names of the files associated with the current backgrounded screens in the window. The ffgg [[ffiillee]] command "foregrounds" the first screen in the list of backgrounded screens that is associated with its argument. If no file argument is specified, the first screen on the list is foregrounded. Foregrounding consists of backgrounding the current screen, and replacing its space in the window with the foregrounded screen. If the last screen in the window is exited, and there are backgrounded screens, the first screen on the list of backgrounded screens takes over the window. UUSSDD::1133--1100 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee 77.. RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss aanndd RReeppllaacceemmeenntt SSttrriinnggss Regular expressions are used in line addresses, as the first part of the eexx ssuubbssttiittuuttee, gglloobbaall, and vvgglloobbaall com- mands, and in search patterns. The regular expressions supported by eexx/vvii are, by default, the Basic Regular Expressions (BRE's) described in the IEEE POSIX Standard 1003.2. The eexxtteennddeedd option causes all regular expressions to be interpreted as the Extended Regular Expressions (ERE's) described by the same standard. (See _r_e___f_o_r_m_a_t(7) for more information.) Generally speak- ing, BRE's are the Regular Expressions found in _e_d(1) and _g_r_e_p(1), and ERE's are the Regular Expressions found in _e_g_r_e_p(1). The following is not intended to provide a description of Regular Expressions. The information here only describes strings and characters which have special meanings in the eexx/vvii version of RE's, or options which change the meanings of characters that normally have special meanings in RE's. (1) An empty RE (e.g. "////" or "????" is equivalent to the last RE used. (2) The construct "\\<<" matches the beginning of a word. (3) The construct "\\>>" matches the end of a word. (4) The character "~~" matches the replacement part of the last ssuubbssttiittuuttee command. When the mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t set, the only characters with special meanings are a "^^" character at the beginning of an RE, a "$$" character at the end of an RE, and the escaping character "\\". The characters "..", "**", "[[" and "~~" are treated as ordinary characters unless preceded by a "\\"; when preceded by a "\\" they regain their special mean- ing. Replacement strings are the second part of a ssuubbssttiittuuttee command. The character "&&" (or "\\&&" if the mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t set) in the replacement string stands for the text matched by the RE that is being replaced. The character "~~" (or "\\~~" if the mmaaggiicc option is _n_o_t set) stands for the replace- ment part of the previous ssuubbssttiittuuttee command. It is only valid after a ssuubbssttiittuuttee command has been performed. The string "\\##", where "##" is an integer value from 1 to 9, stands for the text matched by the portion of the RE enclosed in the "##"'th set of escaped parentheses, e.g. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--1111 "\\((" and "\\))". For example, "ss//aabbcc\\((..**\\))ddeeff//\\11//" deletes the strings "aabbcc" and "ddeeff" from the matched pattern. The strings "\\ll", "\\uu", "\\LL" and "\\UU" can be used to modify the case of elements in the replacement string. The string "\\ll" causes the next character to be converted to lowercase; the string "\\uu" behaves similarly, but converts to uppercase (e.g. ss//aabbcc//\\UU&&// replaces the string aabbcc with AABBCC). The strings "\\LL" causes characters up to the end of the string or the next occurrence of the strings "\\ee" or "\\EE" to be converted to lowercase; the string "\\UU" behaves similarly, but converts to uppercase. If the entire replacement pattern is "%%", then the last replacement pattern is used again. In vvii, inserting a <> into the replacement string will cause the matched line to be split into two lines at that point. (The <> will be discarded.) 88.. GGeenneerraall EEddiittoorr DDeessccrriippttiioonn When eexx or vvii are executed, the text of a file is read (or a temporary file is created), and then all editing changes happen within the context of the copy of the file. _N_o _c_h_a_n_g_e_s _a_f_f_e_c_t _t_h_e _a_c_t_u_a_l _f_i_l_e _u_n_t_i_l _t_h_e _f_i_l_e _i_s _w_r_i_t_t_e_n _o_u_t, either using a write command or another command which is affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option. All files are locked (using the _f_l_o_c_k(2) or _f_c_n_t_l(2) interfaces) during the edit session, to avoid inadvertently making modifications to multiple copies of the file. If a lock cannot be obtained for a file because it is locked by another process, the edit session is read-only (as if the rreeaaddoonnllyy option or the --RR flag had been specified). If a lock cannot be obtained for other reasons, the edit session will continue, but the file status information (see the <> command) will reflect this fact. Both eexx and vvii are modeful editors, i.e. they have two modes, "command" mode and "text input" mode. The former is intended to permit you to enter commands which modifies already existing text. The latter is intended to permit you to enter new text. When eexx first starts running, it is in command mode, and usually displays a prompt (see the pprroommpptt option for more information). The prompt is a single colon ("::") character. There are three commands that switch eexx into text input mode: aappppeenndd, cchhaannggee and iinnsseerrtt. Once in input mode, entering a line containing only a single period ("..") terminates text input mode and returns to command mode, where the prompt is redisplayed. UUSSDD::1133--1122 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee When vvii first starts running, it is in command mode as well. There are eleven commands that switch vvii into text input mode: AA, aa, CC, cc, II, ii, OO, oo, RR, SS and ss. Once in input mode, entering an <> character terminates text input mode and returns to command mode. The following words have special meanings in both the eexx and vvii command descriptions: <> The interrupt character is used to interrupt the cur- rent operation. Normally <>, whatever charac- ter is set for the current terminal is used. <> The literal next character is used to escape the subse- quent character from any special meaning. This charac- ter is always <>. If the terminal is not set up to do XON/XOFF flow control, then <> is used to mean literal next as well. ccuurrrreenntt ppaatthhnnaammee The pathname of the file currently being edited by vi. When the percent character ("%%") appears in a file name entered as part of an eexx command argument, it is replaced by the current pathname. (The "%%" character can be escaped by preceding it with a backslash.) aalltteerrnnaattee ppaatthhnnaammee The name of the last file name mentioned in an eexx com- mand, or, the previous current pathname if the last file mentioned becomes the current file. When the hash mark character ("##") appears in a file name entered as part of an eexx command argument, it is replaced by the alternate pathname. (The "##" character can be escaped by preceding it with a backslash.) bbuuffffeerr One of a number of named areas for saving copies of text. Commands that change or delete text can save the changed or deleted text into a specific buffer, for later use, if the command allows it (i.e. the eexx cchhaannggee command cannot save the changed text in a named buffer). Buffers are named with a single character, preceded by a double quote, e.g. ""<>. His- toric implementations of eexx/vvii limited <> to the alphanumeric characters; nneexx/nnvvii permits the use of any character. Buffers named by uppercase characters are the same as buffers named by lowercase characters, e.g. the buffer named by the English character "AA" is the same as the buffer named by the character "aa", with the exception NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--1133 that, if the buffer contents are being changed (as with a text deletion or vvii cchhaannggee command), the text is _a_p_p_e_n_d_e_d to the buffer, instead of replacing the cur- rent contents. The buffers named by the numeric characters (in English, "11" through "99"), are special, in that if at least one line is changed or deleted in the file, (or a command changes or deletes a region that crosses a line boundary) a copy of the text is placed into the numeric buffer "11", regardless of the user specifying another buffer in which to save it. Before this copy is done, the previous contents of buffer "11" are moved into buffer "22", "22" into buffer "33", and so on. The con- tents of buffer "99" are discarded. In vvii, text may be explicitly stored into the numeric buffers. In this case, the buffer rotation described above occurs before the replacement of the buffer's contents. (Text cannot be explicitly stored into the numeric buffers in eexx because of ambiguities that this would cause in the eexx command syntax.) When a vvii command synopsis shows both a [[bbuuffffeerr]] and a [[ccoouunntt]], they may be presented in any order. Finally, all buffers are either "line" or "character" oriented. All eexx commands which store text into buffers are line oriented. Some vvii commands which store text into buffers are line oriented, and some are character oriented; the description for each applicable vvii command notes whether text copied into buffers using the command is line or character oriented. In addi- tion, the vvii command ddiissppllaayy bbuuffffeerrss displays the cur- rent orientation for each buffer. Generally, the only importance attached to this orientation is that if the buffer is subsequently inserted into the text, line oriented buffers create new lines for each of the lines they contain, and character oriented buffers create new lines for any lines _o_t_h_e_r than the first and last lines they contain. The first and last lines are inserted into the text at the current cursor position, becoming part of the current line. If there is more than one line in the buffer, however, the current line itself will be split. uunnnnaammeedd bbuuffffeerr The unnamed buffer is a text storage area which is used by commands that take a buffer as an argument, when no buffer is specified by the user. There is no way to explicitly reference this buffer. UUSSDD::1133--1144 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) 99.. VVii DDeessccrriippttiioonn VVii takes up the entire screen to display the edited file, except for the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line of the screen is used to enter eexx commands, and for vvii error and informational messages. If no other information is being displayed, the default display can show the current cursor row and cursor column, an indication of whether the file has been modified, and the current mode of the editor. See the rruulleerr, sshhoowwddiirrttyy and sshhoowwmmooddee options for more information. Empty lines do not have any special representation on the screen, but lines on the screen that would logically come after the end of the file are displayed as a single tilde ("~~") character. To differentiate between empty lines and lines consisting of only whitespace characters, use the lliisstt option. Historically, implementations of vvii have also displayed some lines as single asterisk ("@@") characters. These were lines that were not correctly displayed, i.e. lines on the screen that did not correspond to lines in the file, or lines that did not fit on the current screen. NNvvii never displays lines in this fashion. VVii is a modeful editor, i.e. it has two modes, "com- mand" mode and "text input" mode. When vvii first starts, it is in command mode. There are several commands that change vvii into text input mode. The <> character is used to resolve the text input into the file, and exit back into command mode. In vvii command mode, the cursor is always positioned on the last column of characters which take up more than one column on the screen. In vvii text insert mode, the cursor is positioned on the first column of characters which take up more than one column on the screen. Generally, if the cursor line and cursor column are not on the screen, then the screen is scrolled (if the target cursor is close) or repainted (if the target cursor is far away) so that the cursor is on the screen. If the screen is scrolled, it is moved a minimal amount, and the cursor line will usually appear at the top or bottom of the screen. In the screen is repainted, the cursor line will appear in the center of the screen, unless the cursor is sufficiently close to the beginning or end of the file that this is not possible. If the lleeffttrriigghhtt option is set, the screen may be scrolled or repainted in a horizontal direction as well as in a vertical one. A major difference between the historical vvii presenta- tion and nnvvii is in the scrolling and screen oriented posi- tion commands, <>, <>, <>, <>, <>, <>, HH, LL and MM. In histori- cal implementations of vvii, these commands acted on physical NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--1155 (as opposed to logical, or screen) lines. For lines that were sufficiently long in relation to the size of the screen, this meant that single line scroll commands might repaint the entire screen, scrolling or screen positioning command might not change the screen or move the cursor at all, and some lines simply could not be displayed, even though vvii would edit the file that contained them. In nnvvii, these commands act on logical, i.e. screen lines. You are unlikely to notice any difference unless you are editing files with lines significantly longer than a screen width. VVii keeps track of the currently "most attractive" cur- sor position. Each command description (for commands that can change the current cursor position), specifies if the cursor is set to a specific location in the line, or if it is moved to the "most attractive cursor position". The lat- ter means that the cursor is moved to the cursor position that is vertically as close as possible to the current cur- sor position. If the current line is shorter than the cur- sor position vvii would select, the cursor is positioned on the last character in the line. (If the line is empty, the cursor is positioned on the first column of the line.) If a command moves the cursor to the most attractive position, it does not alter the current cursor position, and a subsequent movement will again attempt to move the cursor to that posi- tion. Therefore, although a movement to a line shorter than the currently most attractive position will cause the cursor to move to the end of that line, a subsequent movement to a longer line will cause the cursor to move back to the most attractive position. In addition, the $$ command makes the end of each line the most attractive cursor position rather than a specific column. Each vvii command described below notes where the cursor ends up after it is executed. This position is described in terms of characters on the line, i.e. "the previous charac- ter", or, "the last character in the line". This is to avoid needing to continually refer to on what part of the character the cursor rests. The following words have special meaning for vvii com- mands. pprreevviioouuss ccoonntteexxtt The position of the cursor before the command which caused the last absolute movement was executed. Each vvii command described in the next section that is con- sidered an absolute movement is so noted. In addition, specifying _a_n_y address to an eexx command is considered an absolute movement. UUSSDD::1133--1166 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) mmoottiioonn A second vvii command can be used as an optional trailing argument to the vvii !!, <<, >>, cc, dd, yy, and (depending on the ttiillddeeoopp option) ~~ commands. This command indicates the end of the region of text that's affected by the command. The motion command may be either the command character repeated (in which case it means the current line) or a cursor movement command. In the latter case, the region affected by the command is from the starting or stopping cursor position which comes first in the file, to immediately before the starting or stopping cursor position which comes later in the file. Commands that operate on lines instead of using begin- ning and ending cursor positions operate on all of the lines that are wholly or partially in the region. In addition, some other commands become line oriented depending on where in the text they are used. The com- mand descriptions below note these special cases. The following commands may all be used as motion compo- nents for vvii commands: <> <> <> <> <> <> <> $$ %% ''<> (( )) ++ ,, -- // 00 ;; ?? BB EE FF GG HH LL MM NN TT WW [[[[ ]]]] ^^ __ ``<> bb ee ff hh jj kk ll nn tt ww {{ || }} The optional count prefix available for some of the vvii commands that take motion commands, or the count prefix available for the vvii commands that are used as motion components, may be included and is _a_l_w_a_y_s considered part of the motion argument. For example, the commands "cc22ww" and "22ccww" are equivalent, and the region affected by the cc command is two words of text. In addition, if the optional count prefix is specified for both the vvii command and its motion component, the effect is multi- plicative and is considered part of the motion argu- ment. For example, the commands "44ccww" and "22cc22ww" are equivalent, and the region affected by the cc command is four words of text. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--1177 ccoouunntt A positive number used as an optional argument to most commands, either to give a size or a position (for dis- play or movement commands), or as a repeat count (for commands that modify text). The count argument is always optional and defaults to 1 unless otherwise noted in the command description. When a vvii command synopsis shows both a [[bbuuffffeerr]] and [[ccoouunntt]], they may be presented in any order. bbiiggwwoorrdd A set of non-whitespace characters preceded and fol- lowed by whitespace characters or the beginning or end of the file or line. Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites- pace characters) are treated as a single bigword. wwoorrdd Generally, in languages where it is applicable, vvii rec- ognizes two kinds of words. First, a sequence of let- ters, digits and underscores, delimited at both ends by: characters other than letters, digits, or under- scores; the beginning or end of a line; the beginning or end of the file. Second, a sequence of characters other than letters, digits, underscores, or whitespace characters, delimited at both ends by: a letter, digit, underscore, or whitespace character; the beginning or end of a line; the beginning or end of the file. Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites- pace characters) are treated as a single word. ppaarraaggrraapphh An area of text that begins with either the beginning of a file, an empty line, or a section boundary, and continues until either an empty line, section boundary, or the end of the file. Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites- pace characters) are treated as a single paragraph. Additional paragraph boundaries can be defined using the ppaarraaggrraapphh option. sseeccttiioonn An area of text that starts with the beginning of the file or a line whose first character is an open brace ("{{") and continues until the next section or the end of the file. Additional section boundaries can be defined using the UUSSDD::1133--1188 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) sseeccttiioonnss option. sseenntteennccee An area of text that begins with either the beginning of the file or the first nonblank character following the previous sentence, paragraph, or section boundary and continues until the end of the file or a or a period ("..") exclamation point ("!!") or question mark ("??") character, followed by either an end-of-line or two whitespace characters. Any number of closing parentheses ("))"), brackets ("]]") or double-quote ("""") characters can appear between the period, exclamation point, or question mark and the whitespace characters or end-of-line. Groups of empty lines (or lines containing only whites- pace characters) are treated as a single sentence. 1100.. VVii CCoommmmaannddss The following section describes the commands available in the command mode of the vvii editor. In each entry below, the tag line is a usage synopsis for the command character. In addition, the final line and column the cursor rests upon, and any options which affect the command are noted. [[ccoouunntt]] <> Search forward ccoouunntt times for the current word. The current word begins at the first non-whitespace charac- ter on or after the current cursor position, and extends up to the next non-word character or the end of the line. The search is literal, i.e. no characters in the word have any special meaning in terms of Regular Expressions. It is an error if no matching pattern is found between the starting position and the end of the file. The <> command is an absolute movement. The <> command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Set to the line where the word is found. Column: Set to the first character of the word. Options: Affected by the eexxtteennddeedd, iiggnnoorreeccaassee and wwrraapp-- ssccaann options. [[ccoouunntt]] <> Page backward ccoouunntt screens. Two lines of overlap are maintained by displaying the window starting at line ((ttoopp__lliinnee -- ccoouunntt ** wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee)) ++ 22, where wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee is the value of the wwiinnddooww option. (In the case of split screens, this size is corrected to the current NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--1199 screen size.) This is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file. The <> command is an absolute movement. Line: Set to the last line of text displayed on the screen. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] <> Scroll forward ccoouunntt lines. If ccoouunntt is not specified, scroll forward the number of lines specified by the last <> or <> command. If this is the first <> or <> command, scroll forward half the number of lines in the screen. (In the case of split screens, the default scrolling dis- tance is corrected to half the current screen size.) This is an error if the movement is past the end of the file. The <> command is an absolute movement. Line: Set to the current line plus the number of lines scrolled. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] <> Scroll forward ccoouunntt lines, leaving the cursor on the current line and column, if possible. This is an error if the movement is past the end of the file. Line: Unchanged unless the current line scrolls off the screen, in which case it is set to the first line on the screen. Column: Unchanged unless the current line scrolls off the screen, in which case it is set to the most attractive cursor position. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] <> Page forward ccoouunntt screens. Two lines of overlap are maintained by displaying the window starting at line ttoopp__lliinnee ++ ccoouunntt ** wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee -- 22, where wwiinnddooww__ssiizzee is the value of the wwiinnddooww option. (In the case of split screens, this size is corrected to the current screen size.) This is an error if the movement is past the end of the file. The <> command is an absolute movement. UUSSDD::1133--2200 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) Line: Set to the first line on the screen. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the current line. Options: None. <> Display the file information. The information includes the current pathname, the current line, the number of total lines in the file, the current line as a percent- age of the total lines in the file, if the file has been modified, was able to be locked, if the file's name has been changed, and if the edit session is read- only. Line: Unchanged. Column: Unchanged. Options: None. <> [[ccoouunntt]] hh Move the cursor back ccoouunntt characters in the current line. This is an error if the cursor is on the first character in the line. The <> and hh commands may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the ccuurrrreenntt -- ccoouunntt character, or, the first character in the line if ccoouunntt is greater than or equal to the number of charac- ters in the line before the cursor. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] <> [[ccoouunntt]] <> [[ccoouunntt]] jj Move the cursor down ccoouunntt lines without changing the current column. This is an error if the movement is past the end of the file. The <>, <> and jj commands may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented. Line: Set to the current line plus ccoouunntt. Column: The most attractive cursor position. Options: None. <> <> Repaint the screen. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--2211 Line: Unchanged. Column: Unchanged. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] <> [[ccoouunntt]] ++ Move the cursor down ccoouunntt lines to the first nonblank character of that line. This is an error if the move- ment is past the end of the file. The <> and ++ commands may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented. Line: Set to the current line plus ccoouunntt. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] <> [[ccoouunntt]] kk Move the cursor up ccoouunntt lines, without changing the current column. This is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file. The <> and kk commands may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented. Line: Set to the current line minus count. Column: The most attractive cursor position. Options: None. <> Return to the most recent tag context. The <> command is an absolute movement. Line: Set to the context of the previous tag com- mand. Column: Set to the context of the previous tag com- mand. Options: None. <> Scroll backward ccoouunntt lines. If ccoouunntt is not speci- fied, scroll backward the number of lines specified by the last <> or <> command. If this is the first <> or <> command, scroll backward half the number of lines in the screen. (In the case of split screens, the default scrolling dis- tance is corrected to half the current screen size.) This is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file. UUSSDD::1133--2222 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) The <> command is an absolute movement. Line: Set to the current line minus the amount scrolled. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line. Options: None. <> Switch to the next lower screen in the window, or, to the first screen if there are no lower screens in the window. Line: Set to the previous cursor position in the window. Column: Set to the previous cursor position in the window. Options: None. <> Scroll backward ccoouunntt lines, leaving the current line and column as is, if possible. This is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file. Line: Unchanged unless the current line scrolls off the screen, in which case it is set to the last line of text displayed on the screen. Column: Unchanged unless the current line scrolls off the screen, in which case it is the most attractive cursor position. Options: None. <> Suspend the current editor session. If the file has been modified since it was last completely written, and the aauuttoowwrriittee option is set, the file is written before the editor session is suspended. If this write fails, the editor session is not suspended. Line: Unchanged. Column: Unchanged. Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option. <> Execute eexx commands or cancel partial commands. If an eexx command is being entered (e.g. //, ??, :: or !!), the command is executed. If a partial command has been entered, e.g. or the command is cancelled. Otherwise, it is an error. Line: When an eexx command is being executed, the cur- rent line is set as described for that com- mand. Otherwise, unchanged. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--2233 Column: When an eexx command is being executed, the cur- rent column is set as described for that com- mand. Otherwise, unchanged. Options: None. <> Push a tag reference onto the tag stack. The tags files (see the ttaaggss option for more information) are searched for a tag matching the current word. The cur- rent word begins at the first non-whitespace character on or after the current cursor position, and extends up to the next non-word character or the end of the line. If a matching tag is found, the current file is dis- carded and the file containing the tag reference is edited. If the current file has been modified since it was last completely written, the command will fail. The <> command is an absolute movement. Line: Set to the line containing the matching tag string. Column: Set to the start of the matching tag string. Options: Affected by the ttaaggss and ttaagglleennggtthh options. <> Switch to the most recently edited file. If the file has been modified since it was last com- pletely written, and the aauuttoowwrriittee option is set, the file is written out. If this write fails, the command will fail. Otherwise, if the current file has been modified since it was last completely written, the com- mand will fail. Line: Set to the line the cursor was on when the file was last edited. Column: Set to the column the cursor was on when the file was last edited. Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option. [[ccoouunntt]] <> [[ccoouunntt]] ll Move the cursor forward ccoouunntt characters without chang- ing the current line. This is an error if the cursor is on the last character in the line. The <> and ll commands may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. In addi- tion, these commands may be used as the motion compo- nents of other commands when the cursor is on the last character in the line, without error. UUSSDD::1133--2244 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the current character plus the next ccoouunntt characters, or to the last character on the line if ccoouunntt is greater than the number of characters in the line after the current character. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] !! mmoottiioonn sshheellll--aarrgguummeenntt((ss)) Replace text with results from a shell command. Pass the lines specified by the ccoouunntt and mmoottiioonn arguments as standard input to the program named by the sshheellll option, and replace those lines with the output (both standard error and standard output) of that command. After the motion is entered, vvii prompts for arguments to the shell command. Within those arguments, "%%" and "##" characters are expanded to the current and alternate pathnames, respectively. The "!!" character is expanded with the command text of the previous !! or ::!! commands. (Therefore, the command !!!! repeats the previous !! command.) The special meanings of "%%", "##" and "!!" can be overridden by escaping them with a backslash. If no !! or ::!! command has yet been executed, it is an error to use an unescaped "!!" character. The !! com- mand does _n_o_t do shell expansion on the strings pro- vided as arguments. If any of the above expansions change the arguments the user entered, the command is redisplayed at the bottom of the screen. VVii then executes the program named by the sshheellll option, with a --cc flag followed by the arguments (which are bundled into a single argument). The !! command is permitted in an empty file. If the file has been modified since it was last com- pletely written, the !! command will warn you. Line: The first line of the replaced text. Column: The first column of the replaced text. Options: Affected by the sshheellll option. [[ccoouunntt]] ## ++||--||## Increment or decrement the current number. The current number begins at the first non-number character on or before the current cursor position, or the beginning of the line, and extends up to the first non-number char- acter on or after the current cursor position or the end of the line. If the trailing character is a ++, the number is incremented by ccoouunntt. If the trailing NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--2255 character is a --, the number is decremented by ccoouunntt. If the trailing character is a ##, the previous incre- ment or decrement is repeated. The format of the number (decimal, hexadecimal, and octal, and leading 0's) is retained unless the new value cannot be represented in the previous format. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the first character in the cursor word. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] $$ Move the cursor to the end of a line. If ccoouunntt is specified, the cursor moves down ccoouunntt -- 11 lines. It is not an error to use the $$ command when the cursor is on the last character in the line or when the line is empty. The $$ command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented, unless the cursor is at, or before the first nonblank character in the line, in which case it is line oriented. It is not an error to use the $$ command as a motion component when the cursor is on the last character in the line, although it is an error when the line is empty. Line: Set to the current line plus ccoouunntt minus 1. Column: Set to the last character in the line. Options: None. %% Move to the matching character. The cursor moves to the parenthesis or curly brace which _m_a_t_c_h_e_s the paren- thesis or curly brace found at the current cursor posi- tion or which is the closest one to the right of the cursor on the line. It is an error to execute the %% command on a line without a parenthesis or curly brace. Historically, any ccoouunntt specified to the %% command was ignored. The %% command is an absolute movement. The %% command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented, unless the starting point of the region is at or before the first nonblank character on its line, and the ending point is at or after the last nonblank character on its line, in which case it is line oriented. UUSSDD::1133--2266 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) Line: Set to the line containing the matching char- acter. Column: Set to the matching character. Options: None. && Repeat the previous substitution command on the current line. Historically, any ccoouunntt specified to the && command was ignored. Line: Unchanged. Column: Unchanged if the cursor was on the last char- acter in the line, otherwise, set to the first nonblank character in the line. Options: Affected by the eeddccoommppaattiibbllee, eexxtteennddeedd, iiggnnoorreeccaassee and mmaaggiicc options. ''<> ``<> Return to a context marked by the character <>. If <> is the "''" or "``" character, return to the previous context. If <> is any other character, return to the context marked by that character (see the mm command for more information). If the command is the '' command, only the line value is restored, and the cursor is placed on the first non- blank character of that line. If the command is the `` command, both the line and column values are restored. It is an error if the context no longer exists because of line deletion. (Contexts follow lines that are moved, or which are deleted and then restored.) The '' and `` commands are both absolute movements. They may be used as a motion component for other vvii com- mands. For the '' command, any text copied into a buffer is line oriented. For the `` command, any text copied into a buffer is character oriented, unless it both starts and stops at the first character in the line, in which case it is line oriented. In addition, when using the `` command as a motion component, com- mands which move backward and started at the first character in the line, or move forward and ended at the first character in the line, are corrected to the last character of the starting and ending lines, respec- tively. Line: Set to the line from the context. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line, for the '' command, and set to the con- text's column for the `` command. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--2277 Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] (( Back up ccoouunntt sentences. The (( command is an absolute movement. The (( command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented, unless the starting and stopping points of the region are the first character in the line, in which case it is line oriented. In the latter case, the stopping point of the region is adjusted to be the end of the line immediately before it, and not the original cursor position. Line: Set to the line containing the beginning of the sentence. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the sentence. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] )) Move forward ccoouunntt sentences. The )) command is an absolute movement. The )) command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented, unless the starting point of the region is the first character in the line, in which case it is line oriented. In the latter case, if the stopping point of the region is also the first charac- ter in the line, it is adjusted to be the end of the line immediately before it. Line: Set to the line containing the beginning of the sentence. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the sentence. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] ,, Reverse find character ccoouunntt times. Reverse the last FF, ff, TT or tt command, searching the other way in the line, ccoouunntt times. The ,, command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the searched-for character. Options: None. UUSSDD::1133--2288 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) [[ccoouunntt]] -- Move to first nonblank of the previous line, ccoouunntt times. This is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file. The -- command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented. Line: Set to the current line minus ccoouunntt. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] .. Repeat the last vvii command that modified text. The repeated command may be a command and motion component combination. If ccoouunntt is specified, it replaces _b_o_t_h the count specified for the repeated command, and, if applicable, for the repeated motion component. If ccoouunntt is not specified, the counts originally specified to the command being repeated are used again. As a special case, if the .. command is executed imme- diately after the uu command, the change log is rolled forward or backward, depending on the action of the uu command. Line: Set as described for the repeated command. Column: Set as described for the repeated command. Options: None. //RREE<> //RREE// [[ooffffsseett]]<> ??RREE<> ??RREE?? [[ooffffsseett]]<> NN nn Search forward or backward for a regular expression. The commands beginning with a slash ("//") character are forward searches, the commands beginning with a ques- tion mark ("??") are backward searches. VVii prompts with the leading character on the last line of the screen for a string. It then searches forward or back- ward in the file for the next occurrence of the string, which is interpreted as a Basic Regular Expression. The // and ?? commands are absolute movements. They may be used as the motion components of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is charac- ter oriented, unless the search started and ended on NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--2299 the first column of a line, in which case it is line oriented. In addition, forward searches ending at the first character of a line, and backward searches begin- ning at the first character in the line, are corrected to begin or end at the last character of the previous line. (Note, forward and backward searches can occur for both // and ?? commands, if the wwrraappssccaann option is set.) If an offset from the matched line is specified (i.e. a trailing "//" or "??" character is followed by a signed offset), the buffer will always be line oriented (e.g. "//ssttrriinngg//++00" will always guarantee a line orientation). The nn command repeats the previous search. The NN command repeats the previous search, but in the reverse direction. Missing RE's (e.g. "////<>", "//<>", "????<>", or "??<>" search for the last search RE, in the indi- cated direction. Searches may be interrupted using the <> char- acter. Line: Set to the line in which the match occurred. Column: Set to the first character of the matched string. Options: Affected by the eeddccoommppaattiibbllee, eexxtteennddeedd, iiggnnoorreeccaassee, mmaaggiicc, and wwrraappssccaann options. 00 Move to the first character in the current line. It is not an error to use the 00 command when the cursor is on the first character in the line, The 00 command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case it is an error if the cursor is on the first character in the line. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the first character in the line. Options: None. :: Execute an ex command. VVii prompts for an eexx command on the last line of the screen, using a colon ("::") char- acter. The command is terminated by a <>, <> or <> character; all of these characters may be escaped by using a <> character. The command is then executed. UUSSDD::1133--3300 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) If the eexx command writes to the screen, vvii will prompt the user for a <> before continuing when the eexx command finishes. Large amounts of output from the eexx command will be paged for the user, and the user prompted for a <> or <> key to con- tinue. In some cases, a quit (normally a "q" charac- ter) or <> may be entered to interrupt the eexx command. When the eexx command finishes, and the user is prompted to resume visual mode, it is also possible to enter another "::" character followed by another eexx command. Line: The current line is set as described for the eexx command. Column: The current column is set as described for the eexx command. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] ;; Repeat the last character find ccoouunntt times. The last character find is one of the FF, ff, TT or tt commands. The ;; command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the searched-for character. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] << mmoottiioonn [[ccoouunntt]] >> mmoottiioonn Shift lines left or right. Shift the number of lines in the region specified by the motion component, times ccoouunntt, left (for the << command) or right (for the >> command) by the number of columns specified by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option. Only whitespace characters are deleted when shifting left; once the first character in the line contains a nonblank character, the sshhiifftt will succeed, but the line will not be modified. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line. Options: Affected by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option. @@ bbuuffffeerr Execute a named buffer. Execute the named buffer as vvii commands. The buffer may include eexx commands, too, but they must be expressed as a :: command. If the buffer is line oriented, <> characters are logically appended to each line of the buffer. If the buffer is NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--3311 character oriented, <> characters are logically appended to all but the last line in the buffer. If the buffer name is "@@", or "**", then the last buffer executed shall be used. It is an error to specify "@@@@" or "****" if there were no buffer previous executions. The text of a macro may contain an @@ command, and it is possible to create infinite loops in this manner. (The <> character may be used to interrupt the loop.) Line: The current line is set as described for the command(s). Column: The current column is set as described for the command(s). Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] AA Enter input mode, appending the text after the end of the line. If ccoouunntt is specified, the text is repeat- edly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times after input mode is exited. Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn options. [[ccoouunntt]] BB Move backward ccoouunntt bigwords. Move the cursor backward to the beginning of a bigword by repeating the follow- ing algorithm: if the current position is at the begin- ning of a bigword or the character at the current posi- tion cannot be part of a bigword, move to the first character of the preceding bigword. Otherwise, move to the first character of the bigword at the current posi- tion. If no preceding bigword exists on the current line, move to the first character of the last bigword on the first preceding line that contains a bigword. The BB command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Set to the line containing the word selected. Column: Set to the first character of the word selected. Options: None. [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] CC Change text from the current position to the end-of- UUSSDD::1133--3322 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) line. If ccoouunntt is specified, the input text replaces from the current position to the end-of-line, plus ccoouunntt -- 11 subsequent lines. Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn options. [[bbuuffffeerr]] DD Delete text from the current position to the end-of- line. It is not an error to execute the DD command on an empty line. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the character before the current char- acter, or, column 1 if the cursor was on col- umn 1. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] EE Move forward ccoouunntt end-of-bigwords. Move the cursor forward to the end of a bigword by repeating the fol- lowing algorithm: if the current position is the end of a bigword or the character at that position cannot be part of a bigword, move to the last character of the following bigword. Otherwise, move to the last charac- ter of the bigword at the current position. If no suc- ceeding bigword exists on the current line, move to the last character of the first bigword on the next follow- ing line that contains a bigword. The EE command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Set to the line containing the word selected. Column: Set to the last character of the word selected. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] FF <> Search ccoouunntt times backward through the current line for <>. The FF command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--3333 Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the searched-for character. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] GG Move to line ccoouunntt, or the last line of the file if ccoouunntt not specified. The GG command is an absolute movement. The GG command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented. Line: Set to ccoouunntt, if specified, otherwise, the last line. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] HH Move to the screen line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines below the top of the screen. The HH command is an absolute movement. The HH command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented. Line: Set to the line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines below the top of the screen. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the _s_c_r_e_e_n line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] II Enter input mode, inserting the text at the beginning of the line. If ccoouunntt is specified, the text input is repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times. Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] JJ Join lines. If ccoouunntt is specified, ccoouunntt lines are joined; a minimum of two lines are always joined, regardless of the value of ccoouunntt. If the current line ends with a whitespace character, all whitespace is stripped from the next line. Other- wise, if the next line starts with a open parenthesis ("((") do nothing. Otherwise, if the current line ends UUSSDD::1133--3344 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) with a question mark ("??"), period ("..") or exclama- tion point ("!!"), insert two spaces. Otherwise, insert a single space. It is not an error to join lines past the end of the file, i.e. lines that do not exist. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the character after the last character of the next-to-last joined line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] LL Move to the screen line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines above the bot- tom of the screen. The LL command is an absolute movement. The LL command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented. Line: Set to the line ccoouunntt -- 11 lines above the bot- tom of the screen. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the _s_c_r_e_e_n line. Options: None. MM Move to the screen line in the middle of the screen. The MM command is an absolute movement. The MM command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented. Historically, any ccoouunntt specified to the MM command was ignored. Line: Set to the line in the middle of the screen. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the _s_c_r_e_e_n line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] OO Enter input mode, appending text in a new line above the current line. If ccoouunntt is specified, the text input is repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times. Historically, any ccoouunntt specified to the OO command was ignored. Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--3355 Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn options. [[bbuuffffeerr]] PP Insert text from a buffer. Text from the buffer (the unnamed buffer by default) is inserted before the cur- rent column or, if the buffer is line oriented, before the current line. Line: Set to the lowest numbered line insert, if the buffer is line oriented, otherwise unchanged. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the appended text, if the buffer is line oriented, otherwise, the last character of the appended text. Options: None. QQ Exit vvii (or visual) mode and switch to eexx mode. Line: Unchanged. Column: No longer relevant. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] RR Enter input mode, replacing the characters in the cur- rent line. If ccoouunntt is specified, the text input is repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times. If the end of the current line is reached, no more characters are replaced and any further characters input are appended to the line. Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn options. [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] SS Substitute ccoouunntt lines. Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn options. UUSSDD::1133--3366 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) [[ccoouunntt]] TT <> Search backward, ccoouunntt times, through the current line for the character _a_f_t_e_r the specified <>. The TT command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the character _a_f_t_e_r the searched-for character. Options: None. UU Restore the current line to its state before the cursor last moved to it. Line: Unchanged. Column: The first character in the line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] WW Move forward ccoouunntt bigwords. Move the cursor forward to the beginning of a bigword by repeating the follow- ing algorithm: if the current position is within a big- word or the character at that position cannot be part of a bigword, move to the first character of the next bigword. If no subsequent bigword exists on the cur- rent line, move to the first character of the first bigword on the first following line that contains a bigword. The WW command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: The line containing the word selected. Column: The first character of the word selected. Options: None. [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] XX Delete ccoouunntt characters before the cursor. If the num- ber of characters to be deleted is greater than or equal to the number of characters to the beginning of the line, all of the characters before the current cur- sor position, to the beginning of the line, are deleted. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the current character minus ccoouunntt, or the first character if count is greater than the number of characters in the line before the cursor. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--3377 Options: None. [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] YY Copy (or "yank") ccoouunntt lines into the specified buffer. Line: Unchanged. Column: Unchanged. Options: None. ZZZZ Write the file and exit vvii. The file is only written if it has been modified since the last complete write of the file to any file. The ZZZZ command will exit the editor after writing the file, if there are no further files to edit. Entering two "quit" commands (i.e. wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt or ZZZZ) in a row will override this check and the editor will exit, ignoring any files that have not yet been edited. Line: Unchanged. Column: Unchanged. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] [[[[ Back up ccoouunntt section boundaries. The [[[[ command is an absolute movement. The [[[[ command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented, unless the starting position is column 0, in which case it is line oriented. This is an error if the movement is past the beginning of the file. Line: Set to the previous line that is ccoouunntt section boundaries back, or the first line of the file if no more section boundaries exist preceding the current line. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line. Options: Affected by the sseeccttiioonnss option. [[ccoouunntt]] ]]]] Move forward ccoouunntt section boundaries. The ]]]] command is an absolute movement. The ]]]] command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented, unless the starting position is column 0, in which case it is line oriented. UUSSDD::1133--3388 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) This is an error if the movement is past the end of the file. Line: Set to the line that is ccoouunntt section bound- aries forward, or to the last line of the file if no more section boundaries exist following the current line. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line. Options: Affected by the sseeccttiioonnss option. ^^ Move to first nonblank character on the current line. The ^^ command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the current line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] __ Move down ccoouunntt -- 11 lines, to the first nonblank char- acter. The __ command may be used as the motion compo- nent of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is line oriented. It is not an error to execute the __ command when the cursor is on the first character in the line. Line: The current line plus ccoouunntt -- 11. Column: The first nonblank character in the line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] aa Enter input mode, appending the text after the cursor. If ccoouunntt is specified, the text input is repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times. Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn options. [[ccoouunntt]] bb Move backward ccoouunntt words. Move the cursor backward to the beginning of a word by repeating the following algorithm: if the current position is at the beginning of a word, move to the first character of the preceding NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--3399 word. Otherwise, the current position moves to the first character of the word at the current position. If no preceding word exists on the current line, move to the first character of the last word on the first preceding line that contains a word. The bb command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Set to the line containing the word selected. Column: Set to the first character of the word selected. Options: None. [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] cc mmoottiioonn Change a region of text. If only part of a single line is affected, then the last character being changed is marked with a "$$". Otherwise, the region of text is deleted, and input mode is entered. If ccoouunntt is specified, it is applied to the mmoottiioonn. Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn options. [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] dd mmoottiioonn Delete a region of text. If ccoouunntt is specified, it is applied to the mmoottiioonn. Line: Set to the line where the region starts. Column: Set to the first character in the line after the last character in the region. If no such character exists, set to the last character before the region. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] ee Move forward ccoouunntt end-of-words. Move the cursor for- ward to the end of a word by repeating the following algorithm: if the current position is the end of a word, move to the last character of the following word. Otherwise, move to the last character of the word at the current position. If no succeeding word exists on the current line, move to the last character of the first word on the next following line that contains a word. The ee command may be used as the motion component of UUSSDD::1133--4400 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Set to the line containing the word selected. Column: Set to the last character of the word selected. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] ff <> Search forward, ccoouunntt times, through the rest of the current line for <>. The ff command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the searched-for character. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] ii Enter input mode, inserting the text before the cursor. If ccoouunntt is specified, the text input is repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times. Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn options. mm <> Save the current context (line and column) as <>. The exact position is referred to by "``<>". The line is referred to by "''<>". Historically, <> was restricted to lower-case letters only, nnvvii permits the use of any character. Line: Unchanged. Column: Unchanged. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] oo Enter input mode, appending text in a new line under the current line. If ccoouunntt is specified, the text input is repeatedly input ccoouunntt -- 11 more times. Historically, any ccoouunntt specified to the oo command was ignored. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--4411 Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn options. [[bbuuffffeerr]] pp Append text from a buffer. Text from the buffer (the unnamed buffer by default) is appended after the cur- rent column or, if the buffer is line oriented, after the current line. Line: Set to the first line appended, if the buffer is line oriented, otherwise unchanged. Column: Set to the first nonblank character of the appended text if the buffer is line oriented, otherwise, the last character of the appended text. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] rr <> Replace characters. The next ccoouunntt characters in the line are replaced with <>. Replacing charac- ters with <> characters results in creating new, empty lines into the file. If <> is <>, the command is cancelled. Line: Unchanged unless the replacement character is a <>, in which case it is set to the current line plus ccoouunntt -- 11. Column: Set to the last character replaced, unless the replacement character is a <>, in which case the cursor is in column 1 of the last line inserted. Options: None. [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] ss Substitute ccoouunntt characters in the current line start- ing with the current character. Line: Set to the last line upon which characters were entered. Column: Set to the last character entered. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraappmmaarrggiinn options. [[ccoouunntt]] tt <> Search forward, ccoouunntt times, through the current line for the character immediately _b_e_f_o_r_e <>. UUSSDD::1133--4422 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) The tt command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the character _b_e_f_o_r_e the searched-for character. Options: None. uu Undo the last change made to the file. If repeated, the uu command alternates between these two states, and is its own inverse. When used after an insert that inserted text on more than one line, the lines are saved in the numeric buffers. The .. command, when used immediately after the uu com- mand, causes the change log to be rolled forward or backward, depending on the action of the uu command. Line: Set to the position of the first line changed, if the reversal affects only one line or rep- resents an addition or change; otherwise, the line preceding the deleted text. Column: Set to the cursor position before the change was made. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] ww Move forward ccoouunntt words. Move the cursor forward to the beginning of a word by repeating the following algorithm: if the current position is at the beginning of a word, move to the first character of the next word. If no subsequent word exists on the current line, move to the first character of the first word on the first following line that contains a word. The ww command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. Line: Set to the line containing the word selected. Column: Set to the first character of the word selected. Options: None. [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] xx Delete ccoouunntt characters. The deletion is at the cur- rent character position. If the number of characters to be deleted is greater than or equal to the number of characters to the end of the line, all of the charac- ters from the current cursor position to the end of the line are deleted. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--4433 Line: Unchanged. Column: Unchanged unless the last character in the line is deleted and the cursor is not already on the first character in the line, in which case it is set to the previous character. Options: None. [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] yy mmoottiioonn Copy (or "yank") a text region specified by the ccoouunntt and motion into a buffer. If ccoouunntt is specified, it is applied to the mmoottiioonn. Line: Unchanged, unless the region covers more than a single line, in which case it is set to the line where the region starts. Column: Unchanged, unless the region covers more than a single line, in which case it is set to the character were the region starts. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt11]] zz [[ccoouunntt22]] ttyyppee Redraw the screen with a window ccoouunntt22 lines long, with line ccoouunntt11 placed as specified by the ttyyppee character. If ccoouunntt11 is not specified, it defaults to the current line. If ccoouunntt22 is not specified, it defaults to the current window size. The following ttyyppee characters may be used: + If ccoouunntt11 is specified, place the line ccoouunntt11 at the top of the screen. Otherwise, display the screen after the current screen, similarly to the <> command. Place the line ccoouunntt11 at the top of the screen. . Place the line ccoouunntt11 in the center of the screen. - Place the line ccoouunntt11 at the bottom of the screen. ^ If ccoouunntt11 is specified, place the line that is at the top of the screen when ccoouunntt11 is at the bottom of the screen, at the bottom of the screen, i.e. display the screen before the screen before ccoouunntt11. Otherwise, display the screen before the current screen, similarly to the <> command. Line: Set to ccoouunntt11 unless ccoouunntt11 is not specified and the ttyyppee character was either "^^" or "++", in which case it is set to the line before the first line on the previous screen or the line after the last line on the previous screen, UUSSDD::1133--4444 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) respectively. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] {{ Move backward ccoouunntt paragraphs. The {{ command is an absolute movement. The {{ command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented, unless the starting character is the first character on its line, in which case it is line oriented. Line: Set to the line containing the beginning of the previous paragraph. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line. Options: Affected by the ppaarraaggrraapphh option. [[ccoouunntt]] || Move to a specific _c_o_l_u_m_n position on the current line. The || command may be used as the motion component of other vvii commands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented. It is an error to use the || command as a motion component and for the cursor not to move. Line: Unchanged. Column: Set to the character occupying the column position identified by ccoouunntt, if the position exists in the line. If the column length of the current line is less than ccoouunntt, the cur- sor is moved to the last character in the line. Options: None. [[ccoouunntt]] }} Move forward ccoouunntt paragraphs. The }} command is an absolute movement. The }} command may be used as the motion component of other vvii com- mands, in which case any text copied into a buffer is character oriented, unless the starting character is at or before any nonblank characters in its line, in which case it is line oriented. Line: Set to the line containing the beginning of the next paragraph. Column: Set to the first nonblank character in the line. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--4455 Options: Affected by the ppaarraaggrraapphh option. [[ccoouunntt]] ~~ Reverse the case of the next ccoouunntt character(s). This is the historic semantic for the ~~ command and it is only in effect if the ttiillddeeoopp option is not set. Lowercase alphabetic characters are changed to upper- case, and uppercase characters are changed to lower- case. No other characters are affected. Historically, the ~~ command did not take an associated count, nor did it move past the end of the current line. As it had no associated motion it was difficult to change the case of large blocks of text. In nnvvii, if the cursor is on the last character of a line, and there are more lines in the file, the cursor moves to the next line. It is not an error to specify a count larger than the number of characters between the cursor and the end of the file. Line: Set to the line of the character after ccoouunntt characters, or, end of file. Column: Set to the character after ccoouunntt characters, or, end-of-file. Options: Affected by the ttiillddeeoopp option. [[ccoouunntt]] ~~ mmoottiioonn Reverse the case of the characters in a text region specified by the ccoouunntt and mmoottiioonn. Only in effect if the ttiillddeeoopp option is set. Lowercase characters are changed to uppercase, and uppercase characters are changed to lowercase. No other characters are affected. Line: Set to the line of the character after the last character in the region. Column: Set to the character after the last character in the region. Options: Affected by the ttiillddeeoopp option. <> Interrupt the current operation. Many of the poten- tially long-running vvii commands may be interrupted using the terminal interrupt character. These opera- tions include searches, file reading and writing, fil- ter operations and map character expansion. Interrupts are also enabled when running commands outside of vvii. If the <> character is used to interrupt while UUSSDD::1133--4466 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) entering an eexx command, the command is aborted, the cursor returns to its previous position, and vvii remains in command mode. Generally, if the <> character is used to interrupt any operation, any changes made before the interrupt are left in place. Line: Dependent on the operation being interrupted. Column: Dependent on the operation being interrupted. Options: None. 1111.. VVii TTeexxtt IInnppuutt CCoommmmaannddss The following section describes the commands available in the text input mode of the vvii editor. Historically, vvii implementations only permitted the characters inserted on the current line to be erased. In addition, only the <> erase char- acter and the "00<>" and "^^<>" erase strings could erase autoindent characters. This imple- mentation permits erasure to continue past the begin- ning of the current line, and back to where text input mode was entered. In addition, autoindent characters may be erased using the standard erase characters. For the line and word erase characters, reaching the autoindent characters forms a "soft" boundary, denoting the end of the current word or line erase. Repeating the word or line erase key will erase the autoindent characters. Historically, vvii always used <> and <> as character and word erase characters, respec- tively, regardless of the current terminal settings. This implementation accepts, in addition to these two characters, the current terminal characters for those operations. <> If the first character of the input is a <>, the previous input is replayed, as if just entered. <> If the previous character on the line was an autoindent character, erase it. Otherwise, if the user is entering the first character in the line, <> is ignored. Otherwise, a literal <> character is entered. ^^<> If the previous character on the line was an NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--4477 autoindent character, erase all of the autoindent characters on the line. In addition, the autoin- dent level is reset to 0. 00<> If the previous character on the line was an autoindent character, erase all of the autoindent characters on the line. <> Insert sufficient <> and <> characters to move the cursor forward to a column immediately after the next column which is an even multiple of the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option. Historically, vvii did not permit the <> command to be used unless the cursor was at the first column of a new line or it was preceded only by autoindent characters. NNvvii permits it to be used at any time during insert mode. <> <> Erase the last character. <> Quote the next character. The next character will not be mapped (see the mmaapp command for more infor- mation) or interpreted specially. A carat ("^^") character will be displayed immediately as a placeholder, but will be replaced by the next character. <> Resolve all text input into the file, and return to command mode. <> Erase the current line. <> <> Erase the last word. The definition of word is dependent on the aallttwweerraassee and ttttyywweerraassee options. <>[[00--99AA--FFaa--ff]]** Insert a character with the specified hexadecimal value into the text. <> Interrupt text input mode, returning to command mode. If the <> character is used to interrupt inserting text into the file, it is as UUSSDD::1133--4488 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((VVii CCoommmmaannddss)) if the <> character was used; all text input up to the interruption is resolved into the file. 1122.. EExx AAddddrreessssiinngg Addressing in eexx (and when eexx commands are exe- cuted from vvii) relates to the current line. In gen- eral, the current line is the last line affected by a command. The exact effect on the current line is dis- cussed under the description of each command. When the file contains no lines, the current line is zero. Addresses are constructed by one or more of the following methods: (1) The address ".." refers to the current line. (2) The address "$$" refers to the last line of the file. (3) The address "NN", where NN is a positive number, refers to the N-th line of the file. (4) The address "''<>" or "``<>" refers to the line marked with the name <>. (See the kk or mm commands for more infor- mation on how to mark lines.) (5) A regular expression (RE) enclosed by slashes ("//") is an address, and it refers to the first line found by searching forward from the line _a_f_t_e_r the current line toward the end of the file, and stopping at the first line containing a string matching the RE. (The trailing slash can be omitted at the end of the command line.) If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is "////", the last RE used in any command is used in the search. If the eexxtteennddeedd option is set, the RE is handled as an extended RE, not a basic RE. If the wwrraapp-- ssccaann option is set, the search wraps around to the beginning of the file and continues up to and including the current line, so that the entire file is searched. The form "\\//" is accepted for historic reasons, and is identical to "////". (6) An RE enclosed in question marks ("??") addresses the first line found by searching backward from the line _p_r_e_c_e_d_i_n_g the current NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--4499 line, toward the beginning of the file and stop- ping at the first line containing a string matching the RE. (The trailing question mark can be omitted at the end of a command line.) If no RE is specified, i.e. the pattern is "????", the last RE used in any command is used in the search. If the eexxtteennddeedd option is set, the RE is handled as an extended RE, not a basic RE. If the wwrraapp-- ssccaann option is set, the search wraps around from the beginning of the file to the end of the file and continues up to and including the cur- rent line, so that the entire file is searched. The form "\\??" is accepted for historic reasons, and is identical to "????". (7) An address followed by a plus sign ("++") or a minus sign ("--") followed by a number is an off- set address and refers to the address plus (or minus) the indicated number of lines. If the address is omitted, the addition or subtraction is done with respect to the current line. (8) An address of "++" or "--" followed by a number is an offset from the current line. For example, "--55" is the same as "..--55". (9) An address ending with "++" or "--" has 1 added to or subtracted from the address, respectively. As a consequence of this rule and of the previ- ous rule, the address "--" refers to the line preceding the current line. Moreover, trailing "++" and "--" characters have a cumulative effect. For example, "++++--++++" refers to the current line plus 3. (10) A percent sign ("%%") is equivalent to the address range "11,,$$". EExx commands require zero, one, or two addresses. It is an error to specify an address to a command which requires zero addresses. If the user provides more than the expected number of addresses to any eexx command, the first addresses specified are discarded. For example, "11,,22,,33,,55"print prints lines 3 through 5, because the pprriinntt command only takes two addresses. UUSSDD::1133--5500 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee The addresses in a range are separated from each other by a comma (",,") or a semicolon (";;"). In the latter case, the current line ("..") is set to the first address, and only then is the second address cal- culated. This feature can be used to determine the starting line for forward and backward searches (see rules (5) and (6) above). The second address of any two-address sequence corresponds to a line that fol- lows, in the file, the line corresponding to the first address. The first address must be less than or equal to the second address. The first address must be greater than or equal to the first line of the file, and the last address must be less than or equal to the last line of the file. 1133.. EExx DDeessccrriippttiioonn The following words have special meanings for eexx commands. <> The end-of-file character is used to scroll the screen in the eexx editor. This character is nor- mally <>, however, whatever character is set for the current terminal is used. lliinnee A single-line address, given in any of the forms described in the section entitled "EExx AAddddrreessssiinngg". The default for lliinnee is the current line. rraannggee A line, or a pair of line addresses, separated by a comma or semicolon. (See the section entitled "EExx AAddddrreessssiinngg" for more information.) The default for range is the current line _o_n_l_y, i.e. "..,,..". A percent sign ("%%") stands for the range "11,,$$". The starting address must be less than, or equal to, the ending address. ccoouunntt A positive integer, specifying the number of lines to be affected by the command; the default is 1. Generally, a count past the end-of-file may be specified, e.g. the command "pp 33000000" in a 10 line file is acceptable, and will print from the cur- rent line through the last line in the file. ffllaaggss One or more of the characters "#", "p", and "l". When a command that accepts these flags completes, the addressed line(s) are written out as if by the corresponding ##, ll or pp commands. In addition, NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--5511 any number of "++" or "--" characters can be speci- fied before, after, or during the flags, in which case the line written is not necessarily the one affected by the command, but rather the line addressed by the offset address specified. The default for ffllaaggss is none. ffiillee A pattern used to derive a pathname; the default is the current file. File names are subjected to normal _s_h(1) word expansions. Anywhere a file name is specified, it is also pos- sible to use the special string "//ttmmpp". This will be replaced with a temporary file name which can be used for temporary work, e.g. "::ee //ttmmpp" creates and edits a new file. If both a count and a range are specified for com- mands that use either, the starting line for the com- mand is the _l_a_s_t line addressed by the range, and ccoouunntt- subsequent lines are affected by the command, e.g. the command "22,,33pp44" prints out lines 3, 4, 5 and 6. When only a line or range is specified, with no command, the implied command is either a lliisstt, nnuummbbeerr or pprriinntt command. The command used is the most recent of the three commands to have been used (including any use as a flag). If none of these commands have been used before, the pprriinntt command is the implied command. When no range or count is specified and the command line is a blank line, the current line is incremented by 1 and then the current line is displayed. Zero or more whitespace characters may precede or follow the addresses, count, flags, or command name. Any object following a command name (such as buffer, file, etc.), that begins with an alphabetic character, should be separated from the command name by at least one whitespace character. Any character, including <>, "%%" and "##" retain their literal value when preceded by a backslash. 1144.. EExx CCoommmmaannddss The following section describes the commands available in the eexx editor. In each entry below, the tag line is a usage synopsis for the command. UUSSDD::1133--5522 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) Each command can be entered as the abbreviation (those characters in the synopsis command word preced- ing the "[" character), the full command (all charac- ters shown for the command word, omitting the "[" and "]" characters), or any leading subset of the full com- mand down to the abbreviation. For example, the args command (shown as "aarr[[ggss]]" in the synopsis) can be entered as "aarr", "aarrgg" or "aarrggss". Each eexx command described below notes the new cur- rent line after it is executed, as well as any options that affect the command. "" A comment. Command lines beginning with the dou- ble-quote character ("""") are ignored. This per- mits comments in editor scripts and startup files. <> Scroll the screen. Write the next N lines, where N is the value of the ssccrroollll option. The command is the end-of-file terminal character, which may be different on different terminals. Tradition- ally, it is the <> key. Historically, the eeooff command ignored any preced- ing count, and the <> character was ignored unless it was entered as the first charac- ter of the command. This implementation treats it as a command _o_n_l_y if entered as the first charac- ter of the command line, and otherwise treats it as any other character. Line: Set to the last line written. Options: None. !! aarrgguummeenntt((ss)) [[rraannggee]]!! aarrgguummeenntt((ss)) Execute a shell command, or filter lines through a shell command. In the first synopsis, the remain- der of the line after the "!!" character is passed to the program named by the sshheellll option, as a single argument. Within the rest of the line, "%%" and "##" are expanded into the current and alternate pathnames, respectively. The character "!!" is expanded with the command text of the previous !! command. (Therefore, the command !!!! repeats the previous !! command.) The special meanings of "%%", "##", and "!!" can be overridden by escaping them with a backslash. If no !! or ::!! command has yet been executed, it is an error to use an unescaped "!!" NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--5533 character. The !! command does _n_o_t do shell expansion on the strings provided as arguments. If any of the above expansions change the command the user entered, the command is redisplayed at the bottom of the screen. EExx then executes the program named by the sshheellll option, with a --cc flag followed by the arguments (which are bundled into a single argument). The !! command is permitted in an empty file. If the file has been modified since it was last completely written, the command will warn you. A single "!!" character is displayed when the com- mand completes. In the second form of the !! command, the remain- der of the line after the "!!" is passed to the program named by the sshheellll option, as described above. The specified lines are passed to the pro- gram as standard input, and the standard and stan- dard error output of the program replace the orig- inal lines. Line: Unchanged if no range was specified, oth- erwise set to the first line of the range. Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy options. [[rraannggee]] nnuu[[mmbbeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] [[rraannggee]] ## [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] Display the selected lines, each preceded with its line number. The line number format is "%6d", followed by two spaces. Line: Set to the last line displayed. Options: None. @@ bbuuffffeerr ** bbuuffffeerr Execute a buffer. Each line in the named buffer is executed as an eexx command. If no buffer is specified, or if the specified buffer is "@@" or "**", the last buffer executed is used. [[rraannggee]] <<[[<< ......]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] Shift lines left or right. The specified lines are shifted to the left (for the << command) or UUSSDD::1133--5544 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) right (for the >> command), by the number of columns specified by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option. Only leading whitespace characters are deleted when shifting left; once the first column of the line contains a nonblank character, the sshhiifftt command will succeed, but the line will not be modified. If the command character << or >> is repeated more than once, the command is repeated once for each additional command character. Line: If the current line is set to one of the lines that are affected by the command, it is unchanged. Otherwise, it is set to the first nonblank character of the low- est numbered line shifted. Options: Affected by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option. [[lliinnee]] == [[ffllaaggss]] Display the line number. Display the line number of lliinnee (which defaults to the last line in the file). Line: Unchanged. Options: None. [[rraannggee]] >>[[>> ......]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] Shift right. The specified lines are shifted to the right by the number of columns specified by the sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh option, by inserting tab and space characters. Empty lines are not changed. If the command character ">>" is repeated more than once, the command is repeated once for each addi- tional command character. Line: Set to the last line modified by the com- mand. Options: None. aabb[[bbrreevv]] llhhss rrhhss Add an abbreviation to the current abbreviation list. In vvii, if llhhss is entered such that it is preceded and followed by characters that cannot be part of a word, it is replaced by the string rrhhss. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. [[lliinnee]] aa[[ppppeenndd]][[!!]] The input text is appended to the specified line. If line 0 is specified, the text is inserted at the beginning of the file. Set to the last line NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--5555 input. If no lines are input, then set to lliinnee, or to the first line of the file if a lliinnee of 0 was specified. Following the command name with a "!!" character causes the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option to be toggled for the duration of the command. Line: Unchanged. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauuttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraapp-- mmaarrggiinn options. aarr[[ggss]] Display the argument list. The current argument is displayed inside of "[[" and "]]" characters. The argument list is the list of operands speci- fied on startup, which can be replaced using the nneexxtt command. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. bbgg VVii mode only. Background the current screen. Line: Set to the current line when the screen was last edited. Options: None. [[rraannggee]] cc[[hhaannggee]][[!!]] [[ccoouunntt]] Replace the lines with input text. Following the command name with a "!!" character causes the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option to be toggled for the duration of the command. Line: Set to the last line input, or, if no lines were input, set to the line before the target line, or to the first line of the file if there are no lines preceding the target line. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauuttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraapp-- mmaarrggiinn options. cchhdd[[iirr]][[!!]] [[ddiirreeccttoorryy]] ccdd[[!!]] [[ddiirreeccttoorryy]] Change the current working directory. The ddiirreecc-- ttoorryy argument is subjected to _s_h(1) word expan- sions. When invoked with no directory argument and the HHOOMMEE environment variable is set, the directory named by the HHOOMMEE environment variable becomes the new current directory. Otherwise, the new current directory becomes the directory returned by the _g_e_t_p_w_e_n_t(3) routine. UUSSDD::1133--5566 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) The cchhddiirr command will fail if the file has been modified since the last complete write of the file. You can override this check by appending a "!!" character to the command. Line: Unchanged. Options: Affected by the ccddppaatthh option. [[rraannggee]] ccoo[[ppyy]] lliinnee [[ffllaaggss]] [[rraannggee]] tt lliinnee [[ffllaaggss]] Copy the specified lines (range) after the desti- nation line. Line 0 may be specified to insert the lines at the beginning of the file. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. [[rraannggee]] dd[[eelleettee]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] Delete the lines from the file. The deleted text is saved in the specified buffer, or, if no buffer is specified, in the unnamed buffer. If the com- mand name is followed by a letter that could be interpreted as either a buffer name or a flag value (because neither a ccoouunntt or ffllaaggss values were given), eexx treats the letter as a ffllaaggss value if the letter immediately follows the command name, without any whitespace separation. If the letter is preceded by whitespace characters, it treats it as a buffer name. Line: Set to the line following the deleted lines, or to the last line if the deleted lines were at the end. Options: None. ddii[[ssppllaayy]] bb[[uuffffeerrss]] || ss[[ccrreeeennss]] || tt[[aaggss]] Display buffers, screens or tags. The ddiissppllaayy command takes one of three additional arguments, which are as follows: b[uffers] Display all buffers (including named, unnamed, and numeric) that contain text. s[creens] Display the file names of all background screens. t[ags] Display the tags stack. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. ee[[ddiitt]][[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]] NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--5577 eexx[[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]] Edit a different file. If the current buffer has been modified since the last complete write, the command will fail. You can override this by appending a "!!" character to the command name. If the "++ccmmdd" option is specified, that eexx command will be executed in the new file. Any eexx command may be used, although the most common use of this feature is to specify a line number or search pat- tern to set the initial location in the new file. Line: If you have previously edited the file, the current line will be set to your last position in the file. If that position does not exist, or you have not previ- ously edited the file, the current line will be set to the first line of the file if you are in vvii mode, and the last line of the file if you are in eexx. Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy options. eexxuu[[ssaaggee]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]] Display usage for an eexx command. If ccoommmmaanndd is specified, a usage statement for that command is displayed. Otherwise, usage statements for all eexx commands are displayed. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. ff[[iillee]] [[ffiillee]] Display and optionally change the file name. If a file name is specified, the current pathname is changed to the specified name. The current path- name, the number of lines, and the current posi- tion in the file are displayed. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. ffgg [[nnaammee]] VVii mode only. Foreground the specified screen. Swap the current screen with the specified back- grounded screen. If no screen is specified, the first background screen is foregrounded. Line: Set to the current line when the screen was last edited. Options: None. UUSSDD::1133--5588 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) [[rraannggee]] gg[[lloobbaall]] //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ccoommmmaannddss]] [[rraannggee]] vv //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ccoommmmaannddss]] Apply commands to lines matching (or not matching) a pattern. The lines within the given range that match ("gg[[lloobbaall]]"), or do not match ("vv") the given pattern are selected. Then, the specified eexx command(s) are executed with the current line ("..") set to each selected line. If no range is specified, the entire file is searched for match- ing, or not matching, lines. Multiple commands can be specified, one per line, by escaping each <> character with a back- slash, or by separating commands with a "||" char- acter. If no commands are specified, the command defaults to the pprriinntt command. For the aappppeenndd, cchhaannggee and iinnsseerrtt commands, the input text must be part of the global command line. In this case, the terminating period can be omitted if it ends the commands. The vviissuuaall command may also be specified as one of the eexx commands. In this mode, input is taken from the terminal. Entering a QQ command in vvii mode causes the next line matching the pattern to be selected and vvii to be reentered, until the list is exhausted. The gglloobbaall, vv and uunnddoo commands cannot be used as part of these commands. The editor options aauuttoopprriinntt, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, and rreeppoorrtt are turned off for the duration of the gglloobbaall and vv commands. Line: The last line modified. Options: None. hhee[[llpp]] Display a help message. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. [[lliinnee]] ii[[nnsseerrtt]][[!!]] The input text is inserted before the specified line. Following the command name with a "!!" character causes the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option setting to be toggled for the duration of this command. Line: Set to the last line input; if no lines were input, set to the line before the NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--5599 target line, or to the first line of the file if there are no lines preceding the target line. Options: Affected by the aallttwweerraassee, aauuttooiinnddeenntt, bbeeaauuttiiffyy, sshhoowwmmaattcchh, ttttyywweerraassee and wwrraapp-- mmaarrggiinn options. [[rraannggee]] jj[[ooiinn]][[!!]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] Join lines of text together. A ccoouunntt specified to the command specifies that the last line of the rraannggee plus ccoouunntt subsequent lines will be joined. (Note, this differs by one from the general rule where only ccoouunntt- subsequent lines are affected.) If the current line ends with a whitespace charac- ter, all whitespace is stripped from the next line. Otherwise, if the next line starts with a open parenthesis ("(("), do nothing. Otherwise, if the current line ends with a question mark ("??"), period ("..") or exclamation point ("!!"), insert two spaces. Otherwise, insert a single space. Appending a "!!" character to the command name causes a simpler join with no white-space process- ing. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. [[rraannggee]] ll[[iisstt]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] Display the lines unambiguously. Tabs are dis- played as "^^II", and the end of the line is marked with a "$$" character. Line: Set to the last line displayed. Options: None. mmaapp[[!!]] [[llhhss rrhhss]] Define or display maps (for vvii only). If "llhhss" and "rrhhss" are not specified, the current set of command mode maps are displayed. If a "!!" character is appended to to the command, the text input mode maps are displayed. Otherwise, when the "llhhss" character sequence is entered in vvii, the action is as if the correspond- ing "rrhhss" had been entered. If a "!!" character is appended to the command name, the mapping is effective during text input mode, otherwise, it is effective during command mode. This allows "llhhss" UUSSDD::1133--6600 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) to have two different macro definitions at the same time: one for command mode and one for input mode. Whitespace characters require escaping with a < character to be entered in the llhhss string in visual mode. Normally, keys in the rrhhss string are remapped (see the rreemmaapp option), and it is possible to create infinite loops. However, keys which map to them- selves are not further remapped, regardless of the setting of the rreemmaapp option. For example, the command "::mmaapp nn nnzz.." maps the "nn" key to the nn and zz commands. To exit an infinitely looping map, use the termi- nal <> character. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. [[lliinnee]] mmaa[[rrkk]] <> [[lliinnee]] kk <> Mark the line with the mark <>. The expressions "''<>" and "``<>" can then be used as an address in any command that uses one. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. [[rraannggee]] mm[[oovvee]] lliinnee Move the specified lines after the target line. A target line of 0 places the lines at the beginning of the file. Line: Set to the first of the moved lines. Options: None. mmkk[[eexxrrcc]][[!!]] ffiillee Write the abbreviations, editor options and maps to the specified file. Information is written in a form which can later be read back in using the eexx ssoouurrccee command. If ffiillee already exists, the mmkkeexxrrcc command will fail. This check can be over- ridden by appending a "!!" character to the com- mand. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--6611 nn[[eexxtt]][[!!]] [[ffiillee ......]] Edit the next file from the argument list. The nneexxtt command will fail if the file has been modi- fied since the last complete write. This check can be overridden by appending the "!!" character to the command name. The argument list can optionally be replaced by specifying a new one as arguments to this command. In this case, editing starts with the first file on the new list. Line: Set as described for the eeddiitt command. Options: Affected by the options aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy. [[lliinnee]] oo[[ppeenn]] //ppaatttteerrnn// [[ffllaaggss]] Enter open mode. Open mode is the same as being in vvii, but with a one-line window. All the stan- dard vvii commands are available. If a match is found for the optional RE argument, the cursor is set to the start of the matching pattern. _T_h_i_s _c_o_m_m_a_n_d _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_. Line: Unchanged, unless the optional RE is specified, in which case it is set to the line where the matching pattern is found. Options: Affected by the ooppeenn option. pprree[[sseerrvvee]] Save the file in a form that can later be recov- ered using the eexx --rr option. When the file is preserved, an email message is sent to the user. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. pprreevv[[iioouuss]][[!!]] Edit the previous file from the argument list. The pprreevviioouuss command will fail if the file has been modified since the last complete write. This check can be overridden by appending the "!!" character to the command name. Line: Set as described for the eeddiitt command. Options: Affected by the options aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy. None. [[rraannggee]] pp[[rriinntt]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] Display the specified lines. Line: Set to the last line displayed. Options: None. UUSSDD::1133--6622 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) [[lliinnee]] ppuu[[tt]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] Append buffer contents to the current line. If a buffer is specified, its contents are appended to the line, otherwise, the contents of the unnamed buffer are used. Line: Set to the line after the current line. Options: None. qq[[uuiitt]][[!!]] End the editing session. If the file has been modified since the last complete write, the qquuiitt command will fail. This check may be overridden by appending a "!!" character to the command. If there are more files to edit, the qquuiitt command will fail. Appending a "!!" character to the com- mand name or entering two qquuiitt commands (i.e. wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt or ZZZZ) in a row) will override this check and the editor will exit. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. [[lliinnee]] rr[[eeaadd]][[!!]] [[ffiillee]] Read a file. A copy of the specified file is appended to the line. If lliinnee is 0, the copy is inserted at the beginning of the file. If no file is specified, the current file is read; if there is no current file, then ffiillee becomes the current file. If there is no current file and no ffiillee is specified, then the rreeaadd command will fail. If ffiillee is preceded by a "!!" character, ffiillee is treated as if it were a shell command, and passed to the program named by the SSHHEELLLL environment variable. The standard and standard error outputs of that command are read into the file after the specified line. The special meaning of the "!!" character can be overridden by escaping it with a backslash ("\\") character. Line: When executed from eexx, the current line is set to the last line read. When exe- cuted from vvii, the current line is set to the first line read. Options: None. rreecc[[oovveerr]] ffiillee Recover ffiillee if it was previously saved. If no saved file by that name exists, the rreeccoovveerr com- mand behaves similarly to the eeddiitt command. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--6633 Line: Set as described for the eeddiitt command. Options: None. rreess[[iizzee]] [[++||--]]ssiizzee VVii mode only. Grow or shrink the current screen. If ssiizzee is a positive, signed number, the current screen is grown by that many lines. If ssiizzee is a negative, signed number, the current screen is shrunk by that many lines. If ssiizzee is not signed, the current screen is set to the specified ssiizzee. Applicable only to split screens. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. rreeww[[iinndd]][[!!]] Rewind the argument list. If the current file has been modified since the last complete write, the rreewwiinndd command will fail. This check may be over- ridden by appending the "!!" character to the com- mand. Otherwise, the current file is set to the first file in the argument list. Line: Set as described for the eeddiitt command. Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee and wwrriitteeaannyy options. ssee[[tt]] [[ooppttiioonn[[==[[vvaalluuee]]]] ......]] [[nnooooppttiioonn ......]] [[ooppttiioonn?? ......]] [[aallll]] Display or set editor options. When no arguments are specified, the editor option tteerrmm, and any editor options whose values have been changed from the default settings are displayed. If the argu- ment aallll is specified, the values of all of editor options are displayed. Specifying an option name followed by the charac- ter "??" causes the current value of that option to be displayed. The "??" can be separated from the option name by whitespace characters. The "??" is necessary only for Boolean valued options. Boolean options can be given values by the form "sseett ooppttiioonn" to turn them on, or "sseett nnooooppttiioonn" to turn them off. String and numeric options can be assigned by the form "sseett ooppttiioonn==vvaalluuee". Any whitespace characters in strings can be included literally by preceding each with a backslash. More than one option can be set or listed by a single set command, by specifying multiple argu- ments, each separated from the next by whitespace characters. UUSSDD::1133--6644 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) Line: Unchanged. Options: None. sshh[[eellll]] Run a shell program. The program named by the sshheellll option is run with a --ii (for interactive) flag. Editing is resumed when that program exits. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. ssoo[[uurrccee]] ffiillee Read and execute eexx commands from a file. SSoouurrccee commands may be nested. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. sspp[[lliitt]] [[ffiillee ......]] VVii mode only. Split the screen. The current screen is split into two screens, of approximately equal size. If the cursor is in the lower half of the screen, the screen will split up, i.e. the new screen will be above the old one. If the cursor is in the upper half of the screen, the new screen will be below the old one. If ffiillee is specified, the new screen is editing that file, otherwise, both screens are editing the same file, and changes in each will be be reflected in the other. The argument list for the new screen consists of the list of files specified as arguments to this command, or, the current pathname if no files are specified. Line: If ffiillee is specified, set as for the eeddiitt command, otherwise unchanged. Options: None. [[rraannggee]] ss[[uubbssttiittuuttee]] [[//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppllaaccee//]] [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] [[rraannggee]] && [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] [[rraannggee]] ~~ [[ooppttiioonnss]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] Make substitutions. Replace the first instance of ppaatttteerrnn with the string rreeppllaaccee on the specified line(s). If the "//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppll//" argument is not specified, the "//ppaatttteerrnn//rreeppll//" from the previous ssuubbssttiittuuttee command is used. If ooppttiioonnss includes the letter "cc" (confirm), you will be prompted for confirmation before each replacement is done. An affirmative response (in English, a "yy" character) causes the replacement NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--6655 to be made. A quit response (in English, a "qq" character) causes the ssuubbssttiittuuttee command to be terminated. Any other response causes the replacement not to be made, and the ssuubbssttiittuuttee command continues. If ooppttiioonnss includes the letter "gg" (global), all nonoverlapping instances of ppaatt-- tteerrnn in the line are replaced. The && version of the command is the same as not specifying a pattern or replacement string to the ssuubbssttiittuuttee command, and the "&&" is replaced by the pattern and replacement information from the pre- vious substitute command. The ~~ version of the command is the same as && and ss, except that the search pattern used is the last RE used in _a_n_y command, not necessarily the one used in the last ssuubbssttiittuuttee command. For example, in the sequence ss//rreedd//bblluuee// //ggrreeeenn ~~ the "~~" is equivalent to "ss//ggrreeeenn//bblluuee//". The ssuubbssttiittuuttee command may be interrupted, using the terminal interrupt character. All substitu- tions completed before the interrupt are retained. Line: Set to the last line upon which a substi- tution was made. Options: None. ssuu[[ssppeenndd]][[!!]] sstt[[oopp]][[!!]] <> Suspend the edit session. Appending a "!!" char- acter to these commands turns off the aauuttoowwrriittee option for the command. Line: Unchanged. Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option. ttaa[[gg]][[!!]] ttaaggssttrriinngg Edit the file containing the specified tag. Search for the tagstring, which can be in a dif- ferent file. If the tag is in a different file, then the new file is edited. If the current file has been modified since the last complete write, the ttaagg command will fail. This check can be overridden by appending the "!!" character to the UUSSDD::1133--6666 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) command name. The ttaagg command searches for ttaaggssttrriinngg in the tags file(s) specified by the option. (See _c_t_a_g_s(1) for more information on tags files.) Line: Set to the line indicated by the tag. Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee, ttaagglleennggtthh, ttaaggss and wwrriitteeaannyy options. ttaaggpp[[oopp]][[!!]] [[ffiillee || nnuummbbeerr]] Pop to the specified tag in the tags stack. If neither ffiillee or nnuummbbeerr is specified, the ttaaggppoopp command pops to the most recent entry on the tags stack. If ffiillee or nnuummbbeerr is specified, the ttaaggppoopp command pops to the most recent entry in the tags stack for that file, or numbered entry in the tags stack, respectively. (See the ddiissppllaayy command for information on displaying the tags stack.) If the file has been modified since the last com- plete write, the ttaaggppoopp command will fail. This check may be overridden by appending a "!!" char- acter to the command name. Line: Set to the line indicated by the tag. Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee, and wwrriitteeaannyy options. ttaaggtt[[oopp]][[!!]] Pop to the least recent tag on the tags stack, clearing the tags stack. If the file has been modified since the last com- plete write, the ttaaggppoopp command will fail. This check may be overridden by appending a "!!" char- acter to the command name. Line: Set to the line indicated by the tag. Options: Affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee, and wwrriitteeaannyy options. uunnaa[[bbbbrreevv]] llhhss Delete an abbreviation. Delete llhhss from the cur- rent list of abbreviations. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. uu[[nnddoo]] Undo the last change made to the file. Changes made by gglloobbaall, vv, vviissuuaall and map sequences are considered a single command. If repeated, the uu NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--6677 command alternates between these two states, and is its own inverse. Line: Set to the last line modified by the com- mand. Options: None. uunnmm[[aapp]][[!!]] llhhss Unmap a mapped string. Delete the command mode map definition for llhhss. If a "!!" character is appended to the command name, delete the text input mode map definition instead. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. vvee[[rrssiioonn]] Display the version of the eexx//vvii editor. [[lliinnee]] vvii[[ssuuaall]] [[ttyyppee]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] EExx mode only. Enter vvii. The ttyyppee is optional, and can be "--", "++" or "^^", as in the eexx zz com- mand, to specify the the position of the specified line in the screen window. (The default is to place the line at the top of the screen window.) A ccoouunntt specifies the number of lines that will initially be displayed. (The default is the value of the wwiinnddooww editor option.) Line: Unchanged unless lliinnee is specified, in which case it is set to that line. Options: None. vvii[[ssuuaall]][[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]] VVii mode only. Edit a new file. Identical to the "eeddiitt[[!!]] [[++ccmmdd]] [[ffiillee]]" command. vviiuu[[ssaaggee]] [[ccoommmmaanndd]] Display usage for a vvii command. If ccoommmmaanndd is specified, a usage statement for that command is displayed. Otherwise, usage statements for all vvii commands are displayed. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. [[rraannggee]] ww[[rriittee]][[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]] [[rraannggee]] ww[[rriittee]] [[!!]] [[ffiillee]] [[rraannggee]] wwnn[[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]] [[rraannggee]] wwqq[[!!]] [[>>>>]] [[ffiillee]] Write the file. The specified lines (the entire file, if no range is given) is written to ffiillee. If ffiillee is not specified, the current pathname is UUSSDD::1133--6688 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) used. If ffiillee is specified, and it exists, or if the current pathname was set using the ffiillee com- mand, and the file already exists, these commands will fail. Appending a "!!" character to the com- mand name will override this check and the write will be attempted, regardless. Specifying the optional ">>>>" string will cause the write to be appended to the file, in which case no tests are made for the file already existing. If the file is preceded by a "!!" character, the program named in the SHELL environment variable is invoked with file as its second argument, and the specified lines are passed as standard input to that command. The "!!" in this usage must be sep- arated from command name by at least one whites- pace character. The special meaning of the "!!" may be overridden by escaping it with a backslash ("\\") character. The wwqq version of the write command will exit the editor after writing the file, if there are no further files to edit. Appending a "!!" character to the command name or entering two "quit" com- mands (i.e. wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt or ZZZZ) in a row) will override this check and the editor will exit, ignoring any files that have not yet been edited. The wwnn version of the write command will move to the next file after writing the file, unless the write fails. Line: Unchanged. Options: Affected by the rreeaaddoonnllyy and wwrriitteeaannyy options. [[rraannggee]] xx[[iitt]][[!!]] [[ffiillee]] Write the file if it has been modified. The spec- ified lines are written to ffiillee, if the file has been modified since the last complete write to any file. If no rraannggee is specified, the entire file is written. The xxiitt command will exit the editor after writing the file, if there are no further files to edit. Appending a "!!" character to the command name or entering two "quit" commands (i.e. wwqq, qquuiitt, xxiitt or ZZZZ) in a row) will override this check and the editor will exit, ignoring any files that have not yet been edited. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee ((EExx CCoommmmaannddss)) UUSSDD::1133--6699 Line: Unchanged. Options: Affected by the rreeaaddoonnllyy and wwrriitteeaannyy options. [[rraannggee]] yyaa[[nnkk]] [[bbuuffffeerr]] [[ccoouunntt]] Copy the specified lines to a buffer. If no buffer is specified, the unnamed buffer is used. Line: Unchanged. Options: None. [[lliinnee]] zz [[ttyyppee]] [[ccoouunntt]] [[ffllaaggss]] Adjust the window. If no ttyyppee is specified, then ccoouunntt lines following the specified line are dis- played. The default ccoouunntt is the value of the wwiinnddooww option. The ttyyppee argument changes the position at which lliinnee is displayed on the screen by changing the number of lines displayed before and after lliinnee. The following ttyyppee characters may be used: - Place the line at the bottom of the screen. + Place the line at the top of the screen. . Place the line in the middle of the screen. ^ Write out count lines starting ccoouunntt ** 22 lines before lliinnee; the net effect of this is that a "zz^^" command following a zz com- mand writes the previous page. = Center lliinnee on the screen with a line of hyphens displayed immediately before and after it. The number of preceding and following lines of text displayed are reduced to account for those lines. Line: Set to the last line displayed, with the exception of the ttyyppee, where the current line is set to the line specified by the command. Options: Affected by the option. 1155.. SSeett OOppttiioonnss There are a large number of options that may be set (or unset) to change the editor's behavior. This section describes the options, their abbreviations and their default values. In each entry below, the first part of the tag line is the full name of the option, followed by any equivalent abbreviations. (Regardless of the abbrevia- tions, it is only necessary to use the minimum number UUSSDD::1133--7700 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee of characters necessary to distinguish an abbreviation from all other commands for it to be accepted, in nneexx/nnvvii. Historically, only the full name and the official abbreviations were accepted by eexx/vvii. Using full names in your startup files and environmental variables will probably make them more portable.) The part in square brackets is the default value of the option. Most of the options are boolean, i.e. they are either on or off, and do not have an associated value. Options apply to both eexx and vvii modes, unless oth- erwise specified. For information on modifying the options or to display the options and their current values, see the "set" command in the section entitled "EExx CCoommmmaannddss". aallttwweerraassee [[ooffff]] VVii only. Change how vvii does word erase during text input. When this option is set, text is bro- ken up into three classes: alphabetic, numeric and underscore characters, other nonblank characters, and blank characters. Changing from one class to another marks the end of a word. In addition, the class of the first character erased is ignored (which is exactly what you want when erasing path- name components). aauuttooiinnddeenntt,, aaii [[ooffff]] If this option is set, whenever you create a new line (using the vvii AA, aa, CC, cc, II, ii, OO, oo, RR, rr, SS, and ss commands, or the eexx aappppeenndd, cchhaannggee, and iinnsseerrtt commands) the new line is automatically indented to align the cursor with the first non- blank character of the line from which you created it. Lines are indented using tab characters to the extent possible (based on the value of the ttaabbssttoopp option) and then using space characters as necessary. For commands inserting text into the middle of a line, any blank characters to the right of the cursor are discarded, and the first nonblank character to the right of the cursor is aligned as described above. The indent characters are themselves somewhat spe- cial. If you do not enter more characters on the new line before moving to another line, or enter- ing <>, the indent character will be deleted and the line will be empty. For example, if you enter <> twice in succession, the line created by the first <> will not have any characters in it, regardless of the indentation of the previous or subsequent line. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--7711 Indent characters also require that you enter additional erase characters to delete them. For example, if you have an indented line, containing only blanks, the first <> character you enter will erase up to end of the indent charac- ters, and the second will erase back to the begin- ning of the line. (Historically, only the <> key would erase the indent characters. Both the <> key and the usual erase keys work in nnvvii.) In addition, if the cursor is posi- tioned at the end of the indent characters, the keys "00<>" will erase all of the indent characters for the current line, resetting the indentation level to 0. Similarly, the keys "^^<>" will erase all of the indent char- acters for the current line, leaving the indenta- tion level for future created lines unaffected. Finally, if the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option is set, the SS and cccc commands change from the first nonblank of the line to the end of the line, instead of from the beginning of the line to the end of the line. aauuttoopprriinntt,, aapp [[ooffff]] EExx only. Cause the current line to be automati- cally displayed after the eexx commands <<, >>, ccooppyy, ddeelleettee, jjooiinn, mmoovvee, ppuutt, tt, UUnnddoo, and uunnddoo. This automatic display is suppressed during gglloobbaall and vvgglloobbaall commands, and for any command where optional flags are used to explicitly display the line. aauuttoowwrriittee,, aaww [[ooffff]] If this option is set, the vvii !!, ^^^^, ^^]] and <> commands, and the eexx eeddiitt, nneexxtt, rreewwiinndd, ssttoopp, ssuussppeenndd, ttaagg, ttaaggppoopp, and ttaaggttoopp commands automatically write the current file back to the current file name if it has been modified since it was last written. If the write fails, the command fails and goes no further. Appending the optional force flag character "!!" to the eexx commands nneexxtt, rreewwiinndd, ssttoopp, ssuussppeenndd, ttaagg, ttaaggppoopp, and ttaaggttoopp stops the automatic write from being attempted. (Historically, the nneexxtt command ignored the optional force flag.) Note, the eexx commands eeddiitt, qquuiitt, sshheellll, and xxiitt are _n_o_t affected by the aauuttoowwrriittee option. bbeeaauuttiiffyy,, bbff [[ooffff]] If this option is set, all control characters that UUSSDD::1133--7722 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee are not currently being specially interpreted, other than <>, <>, and <>, are discarded from commands read in by eexx from command files, and from input text entered to vvii (either into the file or to the colon command line). Text files read by eexx/vvii are _n_o_t affected by the bbeeaauu-- ttiiffyy option. ccddppaatthh [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee CCDDPPAATTHH,, oorr ccuurrrreenntt ddiirreecc-- ttoorryy]] This option is used to specify a colon separated list of directories which are used as path pre- fixes for any relative path names used as argu- ments for the ccdd command. The value of this option defaults to the value of the environmental variable CCDDPPAATTHH if it is set, otherwise to the current directory. For compatibility with the POSIX 1003.2 shell, the ccdd command does _n_o_t check the current directory as a path prefix for rela- tive path names unless it is explicitly specified. It may be so specified by entering an empty string or a ".." character into the CCDDPPAATTHH variable or the option value. ccoolluummnnss,, ccoo [[8800]] The number of columns in the screen. Setting this option causes eexx/vvii to set (or reset) the environ- mental variable CCOOLLUUMMNNSS. See the section entitled "SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn" more information. ccoommmmeenntt [[ooffff]] VVii only. If the first non-empty line of the file begins with the string "//**", this option causes vvii to skip to the end of that C-language comment (probably a terribly boring legal notice) before displaying the file. ddiirreeccttoorryy,, ddiirr [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee TTMMPPDDIIRR,, oorr //ttmmpp]] The directory where temporary files are created. The environmental variable TTMMPPDDIIRR is used as the default value if it exists, otherwise //ttmmpp is used. eeddccoommppaattiibbllee,, eedd [[ooffff]] Remember the values of the "c" and "g" suffices to the ssuubbssttiittuuttee commands, instead of initializing them as unset for each new command. Specifying pattern and replacement strings to the ssuubbssttiittuuttee command unsets the "c" and "g" suffices as well. eerrrroorrbbeellllss,, eebb [[ooffff]] EExx only. EExx error messages are normally presented in inverse video. If that is not possible for the NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--7733 terminal, setting this option causes error mes- sages to be announced by ringing the terminal bell. eexxrrcc,, eexx [[ooffff]] If this option is turned off in the system or $HOME startup files, the local startup files are never read (unless they are the same as the system or $HOME startup files). Turning it on has no effect, i.e. the normal checks for local startup files are performed, regardless. See the section entitled "SSttaarrttuupp IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn" for more informa- tion. eexxtteennddeedd [[ooffff]] This option causes all regular expressions to be treated as POSIX 1003.2 Extended Regular Expres- sions (which are similar to historic _e_g_r_e_p(1) style expressions). ffllaasshh [[oonn]] This option causes the screen to flash instead of beeping the keyboard, on error, if the terminal has the capability. hhaarrddttaabbss,, hhtt [[88]] This option defines the spacing between hardware tab settings, i.e. the tab expansion done by the operating system and/or the terminal itself. As nneexx/nnvvii never writes <> characters to the ter- minal, unlike historic versions of eexx/vvii, this option does not currently have any affect. iiggnnoorreeccaassee,, iicc [[ooffff]] This option causes regular expressions, both in eexx commands and in searches, to be evaluated in a case-insensitive manner. kkeeyyttiimmee [[66]] The 10th's of a second eexx/vvii waits for a subse- quent key to complete a key mapping. lleeffttrriigghhtt [[ooffff]] VVii only. This option causes the screen to be scrolled left-right to view lines longer than the screen, instead of the traditional vvii screen interface which folds long lines at the right-hand margin of the terminal. lliinneess,, llii [[2244]] VVii only. The number of lines in the screen. Set- ting this option causes eexx/vvii to set (or reset) the environmental variable LLIINNEESS. See the section UUSSDD::1133--7744 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee entitled "SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn" for more information. lliisspp [[ooffff]] VVii only. This option changes the behavior of the vvii ((, )), {{, }}, [[[[ and ]]]] commands to match the Lisp language. Also, the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option's behavior is changed to be appropriate for Lisp. _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_. lliisstt [[ooffff]] This option causes lines to be displayed in an unambiguous fashion. Specifically, tabs are dis- played as control characters, i.e. "^^II", and the ends of lines are marked with a "$$" character. mmaaggiicc [[oonn]] This option is on by default. Turning the mmaaggiicc option off causes all regular expression charac- ters except for "^^" and "$$", to be treated as ordinary characters. To re-enable characters individually, when the mmaaggiicc option is off, pre- cede them with a backslash "\\" character. See the section entitled "RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss aanndd RReeppllaaccee-- mmeenntt SSttrriinnggss" for more information. mmaattcchhttiimmee [[77]] VVii only. The 10th's of a second eexx/vvii pauses on the matching character when the sshhoowwmmaattcchh option is set. mmeessgg [[oonn]] This option allows other users to contact you using the _t_a_l_k(1) and _w_r_i_t_e(1) utilities, while you are editing. EExx/vvii does not turn message on, i.e. if messages were turned off when the editor was invoked, they will stay turned off. This option only permits you to disallow messages for the edit session. See the _m_e_s_g(1) utility for more information. mmooddeelliinneess,, mmooddeelliinnee [[ooffff]] If the mmooddeelliinneess option is set, eexx/vvii has histori- cally scanned the first and last five lines of each file as it is read for editing, looking for any eexx commands that have been placed in those lines. After the startup information has been processed, and before the user starts editing the file, any commands embedded in the file are exe- cuted. Commands were recognized by the letters "e" or "v" followed by "x" or "i", at the beginning of a line NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--7755 or following a tab or space character, and fol- lowed by a ":", an eexx command, and another ":". This option is a security problem of immense pro- portions, and should not be used under any circum- stances. _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _w_i_l_l _n_e_v_e_r _b_e _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_. nnuummbbeerr,, nnuu [[ooffff]] Precede each line displayed with its current line number. ooccttaall [[ooffff]] Display unknown characters as octal numbers, instead of the default hexadecimal. ooppeenn [[oonn]] EExx only. If this option is not set, the ooppeenn and vviissuuaall commands are disallowed. ooppttiimmiizzee,, oopptt [[oonn]] VVii only. Throughput of text is expedited by set- ting the terminal not to do automatic carriage returns when printing more than one (logical) line of output, greatly speeding output on terminals without addressable cursors when text with leading white space is printed. _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_. ppaarraaggrraapphhss,, ppaarraa [[IIPPLLPPPPPPQQPPPP LLIIppppllppiippbbpp]] VVii only. Define additional paragraph boundaries for the {{ and }} commands. The value of this option must be a character string consisting of zero or more character pairs. In the text to be edited, the character string <>..<>, (where <> is one of the character pairs in the option's value) defines a paragraph boundary. For example, if the option were set to LLaaAA<>####, then all of the following additional paragraph boundaries would be recognized: .La .A .## pprroommpptt [[oonn]] EExx only. This option causes eexx to prompt for UUSSDD::1133--7766 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee command input with a "::" character; when it is not set, no prompt is displayed. rreeaaddoonnllyy,, rroo [[ooffff]] This option causes a force flag to be required to attempt to write the file back to the original file name. Setting this option is equivalent to using the --RR command line option, or editing a file which lacks write permission. rreeccddiirr [[//vvaarr//ttmmpp//vvii..rreeccoovveerr]] The directory where recovery files are stored. If you change the value of rreeccddiirr, be careful to choose a directory whose contents are not regu- larly deleted. Bad choices include directories in memory based filesystems, or //ttmmpp, on most sys- tems, as their contents are removed when the machine is rebooted. Public directories like //uussrr//ttmmpp and //vvaarr//ttmmpp are usually safe, although some sites periodically prune old files from them. There is no require- ment that you use a public directory, e.g. a sub- directory of your home directory will work fine. Finally, if you change the value of rreeccddiirr, you must modify the recovery script to operate in your chosen recovery area. See the section entitled "RReeccoovveerryy" for further information. rreeddrraaww,, rree [[ooffff]] VVii only. The editor simulates (using great amounts of output), an intelligent terminal on a dumb terminal (e.g. during insertions in vvii the characters to the right of the cursor are refreshed as each input character is typed). _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_. rreemmaapp [[oonn]] If this option is set, it is possible to define macros in terms of other macros. Otherwise, each key is only remapped up to one time. For example, if "AA" is mapped to "BB", and "BB" is mapped to "CC", The keystroke "AA" will be mapped to "CC" if the rreemmaapp option is set, and to "BB" if it is not set. rreeppoorrtt [[55]] Set the threshold of the number of lines that need to be changed or yanked before a message will be NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--7777 displayed to the user. For everything but the yank command, the value is the largest value about which the editor is silent, i.e. by default, 6 lines must be deleted before the user is notified. However, if the number of lines yanked is greater than _o_r _e_q_u_a_l _t_o the set value, it is reported to the user. rruulleerr [[ooffff]] VVii only. Display a row/column ruler on the colon command line. ssccrroollll,, ssccrr [[wwiinnddooww // 22]] Set the number of lines scrolled by the vvii <> and <> commands. Historically, the eexx zz command, when specified without a count, used two times the size of the scroll value; the POSIX 1003.2 standard specified the window size, which is a better choice. sseeccttiioonnss,, sseecctt [[NNHHSSHHHH HHUUnnhhsshh]] VVii only. Define additional section boundaries for the [[[[ and ]]]] commands. The sseeccttiioonnss option should be set to a character string consisting of zero or more character pairs. In the text to be edited, the character string <>..<>, (where <> is one of the character pairs in the option's value), defines a section boundary in the same manner that ppaarraaggrraapphh option boundaries are defined. sshheellll,, sshh [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee SSHHEELLLL,, oorr //bbiinn//sshh]] Select the shell used by the editor. The speci- fied path is the pathname of the shell invoked by the vvii !! shell escape command and by the eexx sshheellll command. This program is also used to resolve any shell meta-characters in eexx commands. sshhiiffttwwiiddtthh,, ssww [[88]] Set the autoindent and shift command indentation width. This width is used by the aauuttooiinnddeenntt option and by the <<, >>, and sshhiifftt commands. sshhoowwddiirrttyy [[ooffff]] VVii only. Display an asterisk on the colon command line if the file has been modified. sshhoowwmmaattcchh,, ssmm [[ooffff]] VVii only. This option causes vvii, when a "}}" or "))" is entered, to briefly move the cursor the match- ing "{{" or "((". See the mmaattcchhttiimmee option for more information. UUSSDD::1133--7788 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee sshhoowwmmooddee [[ooffff]] VVii only. This option causes vvii to display a string identifying the current editor mode on the colon command line. ssiiddeessccrroollll [[1166]] VVii only. Sets the number of columns that are shifted to the left or right, when vvii is doing left-right scrolling and the left or right margin is crossed. See the lleeffttrriigghhtt option for more information. sslloowwooppeenn,, ssllooww [[ooffff]] This option affects the display algorithm used by vvii, holding off display updating during input of new text to improve throughput when the terminal in use is slow and unintelligent. _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _i_s _n_o_t _y_e_t _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_. ssoouurrcceeaannyy [[ooffff]] If this option is turned on, vvii historically read startup files that were owned by someone other than the editor user. See the section entitled "SSttaarrttuupp IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn" for more information. This option is a security problem of immense propor- tions, and should not be used under any circum- stances. _T_h_i_s _o_p_t_i_o_n _w_i_l_l _n_e_v_e_r _b_e _i_m_p_l_e_m_e_n_t_e_d_. ttaabbssttoopp,, ttss [[88]] This option sets tab widths for the editor dis- play. ttaagglleennggtthh,, ttll [[00]] This option sets the maximum number of characters that are considered significant in a tag name. Setting the value to 0 makes all of the characters in the tag name significant. ttaaggss,, ttaagg [[ttaaggss //vvaarr//ddbb//lliibbcc..ttaaggss //ssyyss//kkeerrnn//ttaaggss]] Sets the list of tags files, in search order, which are used when the editor searches for a tag. tteerrmm,, ttttyyttyyppee,, ttttyy [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee TTEERRMM]] Set the terminal type. Setting this option causes eexx/vvii to set (or reset) the environmental variable TTEERRMM. tteerrssee [[ooffff]] This option has historically made editor messages less verbose. It has no effect in this NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--7799 implementation. See the vveerrbboossee option for more information. ttiillddeeoopp Modify the ~~ command to take an associated motion. ttiimmeeoouutt,, ttoo [[oonn]] If this option is set, eexx/vvii waits for a specific period for a subsequent key to complete a key map- ping (see the kkeeyyttiimmee option). If the option is not set, the editor waits until enough keys are entered to resolve the ambiguity, regardless of how long it takes. ttttyywweerraassee [[ooffff]] VVii only. This option changes how vvii does word erase during text input. If this option is set, text is broken up into two classes, blank charac- ters and nonblank characters. Changing from one class to another marks the end of a word. vveerrbboossee [[ooffff]] VVii only. VVii historically bells the terminal for many obvious mistakes, e.g. trying to move past the left-hand margin, or past the end of the file. If this option is set, an error message is dis- played for all errors. ww330000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]] VVii only. Set the window size if the baud rate is less than 1200 baud. See the wwiinnddooww option for more information. ww11220000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]] VVii only. Set the window size if the baud rate is equal to 1200 baud. See the wwiinnddooww option for more information. ww99660000 [[nnoo ddeeffaauulltt]] VVii only. Set the window size if the baud rate is greater than 1200 baud. See the wwiinnddooww option for more information. wwaarrnn [[oonn]] EExx only. This option causes a warning message to the terminal if the file has been modified, since it was last written, before a !! command. wwiinnddooww,, ww,, wwii [[eennvviirroonnmmeenntt vvaarriiaabbllee LLIINNEESS]] This option determines the default number of lines in a screenful, as written by the zz command. It also determines the number of lines scrolled by the vvii commands <> and <>. The UUSSDD::1133--8800 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee value of window can be unrelated to the real screen size, although it starts out as the number of lines on the screen (see the section entitled "SSiizziinngg tthhee SSccrreeeenn" for more information). Set- ting the value of the wwiinnddooww option is the same as using the --ww command line option. If the value of the wwiinnddooww option (as set by the wwiinnddooww, ww330000, ww11220000 or ww99660000 options) is smaller than the actual size of the screen, large screen movements will result in displaying only that smaller number of lines on the screen. (Further movements in that same area will result in the screen being filled.) This can provide a perfor- mance improvement when viewing different places in one or more files over a slow link. wwrraappmmaarrggiinn,, wwmm [[00]] VVii only. If the value of the wwrraappmmaarrggiinn option is non-zero, vvii will split lines so that they end at least that number of characters before the right- hand margin of the screen. (Note, the value of wwrraappmmaarrggiinn is _n_o_t a text length. In a screen that is 80 columns wide, the command "::sseett wwrraappmmaarr-- ggiinn==88" attempts to keep the lines less than or equal to 72 columns wide.) Lines are split at the previous whitespace charac- ter closest to the number. Any trailing whites- pace characters before that character are deleted. If the line is split because of an inserted <> or <> character, and you then enter another <> character, it is discarded. If wrapmargin is set to 0, or if there is no blank character upon which to split the line, the line is not broken. wwrraappssccaann,, wwss [[oonn]] This option causes searches to wrap around the end or the beginning of the file, and back to the starting point. Otherwise, the end or beginning of the file terminates the search. wwrriitteeaannyy,, wwaa [[ooffff]] If this option is set, file-overwriting checks that would usually be made before the wwrriittee and xxiitt commands, or before an automatic write (see the aauuttoowwrriittee option), are not made. This allows a write to any file, provided the file permissions allow it. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--8811 1166.. AAddddiittiioonnaall FFeeaattuurreess iinn NNeexx//NNvvii There are a few features in nneexx/nnvvii that are not found in historic versions of eexx/vvii. Some of the more interesting of those features are as follows: 88--bbiitt cclleeaann ddaattaa,, llaarrggee lliinneess,, ffiilleess NNeexx/nnvvii will edit any format file. Line lengths are limited by available memory, and file sizes are limited by available disk space. The vvii text input mode command <> can insert any pos- sible character value into the text. SSpplliitt ssccrreeeennss The sspplliitt command divides the screen into multiple editing regions. The <> command rotates between the foreground screens. The rreessiizzee com- mand can be used to grow or shrink a particular screen. BBaacckkggrroouunndd aanndd ffoorreeggrroouunndd ssccrreeeennss The bbgg command backgrounds the current screen, and the ffgg command foregrounds backgrounded screens. The ddiissppllaayy command can be used to list the back- ground screens. TTaagg ssttaacckkss Tags are now maintained in a stack. The <> command returns to the previous tag location. The ttaaggppoopp command returns to the most recent tag location by default, or, optionally to a specific tag number in the tag stack, or the most recent tag from a specified file. The ddiissppllaayy command can be used to list the tags stack. The ttaaggttoopp command returns to the top of the tag stack. NNeeww ddiissppllaayyss The ddiissppllaayy command can be used to display the current buffers, the backgrounded screens, and the tags stack. IInnffiinniittee uunnddoo Changes made during an edit session may be rolled backward and forward. A .. command immediately after a uu command continues either forward or backward depending on whether the uu command was an undo or a redo. UUssaaggee iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn The eexxuussaaggee and vviiuussaaggee commands provide usage information for all of the eexx and vvii commands by default, or, optionally, for a specific command or key. UUSSDD::1133--8822 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee EExxtteennddeedd RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss The eexxtteennddeedd option causes Regular Expressions to be interpreted as as Extended Regular Expressions, (i.e. _e_g_r_e_p(1) style Regular Expressions). WWoorrdd sseeaarrcchh The <> command searches for the word ref- erenced by the cursor. NNuummbbeerr iinnccrreemmeenntt The ## command increments or decrements the number referenced by the cursor. PPrreevviioouuss ffiillee The pprreevviioouuss command edits the previous file from the argument list. LLeefftt--rriigghhtt ssccrroolllliinngg The lleeffttrriigghhtt option causes nnvvii to do left-right screen scrolling, instead of the traditional vvii line wrapping. NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee UUSSDD::1133--8833 1177.. IInnddeexx ! 16, 34 @ 20, 35 columns 47 "" 34 A 20 comment 47 # 16, 35 B 21 copy 37 $ 16 C 21 count 10, 33 % 17 D 21 current pathname 8 & 17, 43 E 21 d 26 ( 17 F 21 delete 37 ) 18 G 22 directory 48 * 35 H 22 display 37 + 13 I 22 e 26 , 18 J 22 edcompatible48 /RE/ 19 L 22 edit 37 0 19 M 23 errorbells 48 031 N 19 exrc 48 : 19 O 23 extended 48 ; 20 P 23 exusage 38 < 20, 35 Q 23 f 26 11 R 23 fg 38 12 S 23 file 33, 38 , 31 T 24 flags 33 12 U 24 flash 48 12 W 24 global 38 13 X 24 hardtabs 48 , 31 Y 24 help 38 13 ZZ 24 i 27 13 [[ 25 ignorecase 48 13 - 18 insert 39 13 ]] 25 j 13 14 ^ 25 join 39 13 ^31 k 14, 40 , 31 _ 25 keytime 48 14 `17 l 15 , 32 a 25 leftright 48 32 abbrev 36 line 33 14 alternate pathname 8 lines 48 , 43 altwerase 46 lisp 48 15 append 36 list 39, 48 15 args 36 m 27 34 autoindent 46 magic 49 33 autoprint 47 map 39 31 autowrite 47 mark 40 15, 31 b 26 matchtime 49 , 32 beautify 47 mesg 49 31 bg 36 mkexrc 40 8, 31 bigword 11 modelines 49 31 buffer 8 motion 10 15 c 26 move 40 32 cd 36 n 19 = 35 cdpath 47 next 40 > 20, 36 change 36 number 35, 49 ?RE? 19 chdir 36 o 27 UUSSDD::1133--8844 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee octal 49 tildeop 52 open 40, 49 timeout 52 optimize 49 ttywerase 52 p 27 u 28 paragraph 11 unabbrev 44 paragraphs 49 undo 44 preserve 40 unmap 44 previous 40 unnamed buffer 9 previous context 10 v 38 print 41 verbose 52 prompt 50 version 44 put 41 visual 44 quit 41 viusage 45 r 27 w 28 range 33 w1200 52 read 41 w300 52 readonly 50 w9600 52 recdir 50 warn 52 recover 41 window 52 redraw 50 wn 45 remap 50 word 11 report 50 wq 45 resize 41 wrapmargin 53 rewind 42 wrapscan 53 ruler 50 write 45 s 28 writeany 53 scroll 50 x 28 section 11 xit 45 sections 51 y 29 sentence 11 yank 45 set 42 z 29, 46 shell 42, 51 { 29 shiftwidth 51 | 29 showdirty 51 } 30 showmatch 51 ~ 30, 43 showmode 51 sidescroll 51 slowopen 51 source 42 sourceany 51 split 42 stop 43 substitute 43 suspend 43 t 28, 37 tabstop 51 tag 43 taglength 51 tagpop 44 tags 52 tagtop 44 term 52 terse 52 UUSSDD::1133--22 NNvvii//NNeexx RReeffeerreennccee TTaabbllee ooff CCoonntteennttss Description ...................................... 3 Startup Information .............................. 3 Recovery ......................................... 4 Sizing the Screen ................................ 8 Character Display ................................ 8 Multiple Screens ................................. 9 Regular Expressions and Replacement Strings ...... 9 General Editor Description ....................... 11 Vi Description ................................... 13 Vi Commands ...................................... 18 Vi Text Input Commands ........................... 46 Ex Addressing .................................... 48 Ex Description ................................... 50 Ex Commands ...................................... 51 Set Options ...................................... 69 Additional Features in Nex/Nvi ................... 80 Index ............................................ 83