\begindata{text,268990956} \textdsversion{12} \template{help} \chapter{Writing and Editing Texts on Athena} To produce a printed text document using a computer, you use programs that perform two different functions. Text \bold{\italic{editing}} programs help you with the "mechanics" of creating and editing text, and display documents for you on the computer screen. Text \bold{\italic{formatting}} programs "translate" documents into a form that a printer understands, so that they are properly spaced on the page and include the formatting effects (such as boldface text) that you have specified. The Athena system offers you a choice of several programs for both kinds of functions. One solution, EZ, serves both as an editor and a formatter. \section{Text editing programs } Most people who use Athena system workstations write and edit their text documents with the editor called \bold{EZ}, which was specifically designed for use on Athena workstations. It takes full advantage of many Athena features, including scrollbars, menus and multiple windows. It produces documents that are stored in the special \bold{A}ndrew \bold{T}ool\bold{K}it datastream format (ATK format for short. Sometimes in old documents refered to as BE2 format). You may be familiar with one of the other commonly used editors (\bold{Emacs}, \bold{vi}, \bold{ed }and \bold{ex}) from working with them on a personal computer or terminal. They do not employ the same Andrew features as EZ, and produce files in regular ASCII storage format. The available text editing programs: \leftindent{\bold{EZ} allows you to edit not only text, but also information in several different forms (or "media"), including line drawings, tables and spreadsheets, rasters, equations and even animations. You can also inset information in the different media into text to create "multi-media" documents. For details, see the \italic{ez } and \italic{insets } help documents. Other help documents related to EZ are listed at the end of this document in the \bold{Related Tools} section. For an introduction to the editors you use to edit non-text media see the \italic{insets} Andrew help document. Also, if you are editing large documents, you should check out the \italic{datapros} program which enables composing large documents from smaller ez files. \bold{Emacs}, officially supported for all Athena users. For an overview of this versatile text editor and a listing of available help information, see the \italic{emacs } help document. EZ supports almost all the keybindings used by emacs to perform editing operations (thus making the two editors compatible). \bold{vi}, a UNIX text editor. Like EZ and Emacs, it displays your document in a window on the screen. For more information about vi, see the \italic{vi } help document for a brief explanation, or consult a hardcopy UNIX system manual. \bold{ed} and \bold{ex}, older UNIX line editing programs. This means that you can see and manipulate only one line of your document at a time. For more information, see the help documents for \italic{ed }and \italic{ex } or consult a UNIX system manual. } \section{Text formatting programs} One major difference between EZ and the other editors is that EZ shows you on the screen the effect of applying different formatting styles (boldface, centering and so on) to text. You choose from menu options to apply many of the styles, but you can also achieve formatting effects that are not available as menu options (see the sections on styles in the \italic{ez} help document). These formatting effects, as well as the ones you can see on your screen, show up in printed output. You do not need to process EZ documents with a text formatting program before printing, because the processing is done automatically when you choose \bold{Print }as a menu option or use the \typewriter{ezprint} command from your command prompt. See the section on Printing in the \italic{ ez } help document, the \italic{ ezprint} document or the \italic{Printing} overview document for details. With the other four text editing programs listed above, formatting effects show up in printed output only. You indicate the desired styles by including commands from one of the two available formatting programs (\bold{Scribe} and \bold{troff}) in the text of the document. You then process the document with the formatting program and submit the processed output for printing. See the \italic{Printing} overview document and \italic{print} help document for information about printing. The available text formatting programs: \leftindent{\bold{Scribe} is a text formatting program widely used in conjunction with Emacs (but it can be used with any text editor). Scribe, developed by Brian K. Reid of Carnegie Mellon University, has been fully supported, with training, documentation and consulting available, since the inception of Athena. A large portion of the user community, including Athena itself, has documents which rely on Scribe. Due to concerns about Scribe's future availability from the vendor, especially on new hardware platforms, Athena is re-evaluating formatting needs and support policies. Independent of that re-evaluation, Scribe will continue to be available on the current hardware platforms. See the \italic{scribe } help document for information about preparing and printing Scribe files on Athena. } \leftindent{\bold{troff} and \bold{nroff} are UNIX-based formatting packages that both produce output capable of driving a printer. Troff is used to format documents for laser printing (all public Athena printers are laser printers), while Nroff is used to format documents for display on terminals or for printing on line printers. These packages share many formatting commands, but they can be difficult to use. You can find some information about these packages in the \italic{nroff } and \italic{troff} help documents, but the best sources are in the hardcopy UNIX system manuals. A listing of troff commands that can be used in EZ documents is available in the \italic{ez-troff } help document. } \leftindent{\bold{Preview } is an Andrew program that allows you to see on your screen what your printed EZ document will look like, before you actually print it. This is useful because it can help you catch and correct mistakes before you take the time to print. Also, even though EZ shows you on the screen the styles you have applied, the screen version of a document can differ from the printed version in several ways. For one thing, you cannot tell on the screen where the lines will end, because windows can vary in width. The screen is also more limited than a printer in the type sizes it can display. Preview works for all files which contain EZ styles and troff commands. When you use Preview, you must make corrections by editing the document again with EZ. See the \italic{preview} help document for more details. } \section{Rules for naming your documents} \leftindent{ You must give a unique name to every file or document that you edit on Athena. You can name files anything you like, but the following suggestions will help you avoid potential problems. 1. If you include capital letters in a filename, you must use them every time you type the filename. The UNIX command interpreter that processes your keyboard commands distinguishes between upper case and lower case letters. The following are all acceptable document names: \leftindent{ToDo physics.report.1 Englishnotes termpaper.mss} 2. The following characters have special meaning to UNIX. While it is possible to use them in a filename, it is better not to do so, just to avoid having your commands misinterpreted: \leftindent{/ \\ " ' * ; - ? [ ] \{ \} ( ) ~ ! $ < > space} 3. The ez editor/formatter assigns special meaning to filenames ending in certain extensions, for example: .help, .txt, .ez, .eq and .doc. For information on these extensions, view the Andrew help file \italic{ez-extensions}. } \section{Related Tools} \leftindent{ Select (put a box around) one of the italicized names and choose "Get Help on Selected Word" to see the help document for: \leftindent{\italic{Andrew } \italic{Printing} \italic{ez ez-extensions ez-troff datapros emacs ed ex vi insets preview scribe nroff troff }}}\enddata{text,268990956}