This is Info file pm.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.68 from the input file bigpm.texi.  File: pm.info, Node: Speech/Audio/FileWave, Next: Speech/Speech/Festival, Prev: Spectrum/CLI, Up: Module List Simple waveform abstraction for use with Audio::TTS *************************************************** NAME ==== Audio::FileWave - Simple waveform abstraction for use with Audio::TTS SYNOPSIS ======== $wave = new Audio::FileWave $type, $data; set_play_command Audio::FileWave $type $command; play $wave; free $wave; DESCRIPTION =========== This is a simple class which represents a waveform. It is designed for use by the `Festival::TTS|Festival::TTS' in this node module, if you want to play waveforms some other way you need to supply another class which implements this interface. This class maintains a table mapping file types to play commands. When the command is called the string `*WAVE*' is replaced by the filename of the data. If you don't set up a command for the waveform type `Festival::TTS|Festival::TTS' in this node requests, the default command `*na_play WAVE*' is used. The `na_play|na_play' in this node command is part of the *Edinburgh Speech Tools* and so if you have festival you should also have it. set_play_command Festival::FileWave $type $command; Sets the play command to be used for files of the given type. $wave = new Festival::FileWave $type, $data; Create a waveform from the given data which is of type $type. Actually saves it to a file. free $wave; Free the resources used for the waveform. (unlinks the file). play $wave; Play the waveform. Calls the command associated with the file type. AUTHOR ====== Richard Caley, R.Caley@ed.ac.uk SEE ALSO ======== `Festival::TTS' in this node, perl(1), festival(1), Festival Documentation  File: pm.info, Node: Speech/Speech/Festival, Next: Speech/Speech/Festival/Synthesiser, Prev: Speech/Audio/FileWave, Up: Module List Communicate with a festival server process. ******************************************* NAME ==== Speech::Festival - Communicate with a festival server process. SYNOPSIS ======== use Festival; $festival = new Festival -host => 'serverhost', -port => 1314; conn $festival; disconnect $festival; request $festival '(some scheme)'; request $festival '(some scheme)', \&result_handler, $args, $for, $handler; if (result_waiting $festival) { # process it } wait_for_result $festival, $timeout; ($type, $data) = get_result $festival; DESCRIPTION =========== This package provides a simple interface to an instance of the festival speech synthesis system running as a server on some machine. If you want a simple speech-ouput module using this interface see `Speech::Synthesis' in this node. Since festival can return an unpredictable number of results from a single request, and since it is useful to process them as they arrive, something a little more complex than a simple remote-procedure-call interface is needed. There are basicly three ways to organise your application's interaction with festival. In the simplest cases you can pass a result handling procedure along with your request. For more control you can process one value at a time by using `result_waiting|' in this node to poll for results or `wait for result|' in this node to block until a result is available. In any case results consist of a type and some data. The types are $Speech::Festival::SCHEME The data is a Scheme expression, for instance a number or a list. $Speech::Festival::WAVE The data is a waveform. what format this is in willbe determined by what you have previously told festival. $Speech::Festival::OK All the results for this request have been sent. No data. $Speech::Festival::ERROR Festival has reported an error. No data. Unfortunatly festival doesn't sen any information about the error, so for details you will have to check the server's log. A single festival session (between calls to `conn|' in this node and `disconnect|' in this node) talks to a single Scheme interpreter in festival, and hence state will be remembered between requests. $festival = new Festival 'serverhost', 1314; Create a new festival session which will connect to the given host and port. If ommitted these default to *localhost* and *1314*. conn $festival; Connect to festival. Returns true if all is well, false otherwise. In the event of an error the variable *$speech_error* conatains a description of it. disconnect $festival; Disconnect from festival. The connection mat be reopened later with `conn|' in this node, but any state will have been lost. request $festival '(some scheme)'; Send the given Scheme to festival. You should use `result_waiting|' in this node, `wait_for_result|' in this node and `get_result|' in this node to process the results of the request. request $festival '(some scheme)', \&result_handler, $args, $for, $handler; Send the given Scheme to festival asking it to call *&result_handler* on each result returned. The handler is called as: result_handler($type, $data, $args, $for, $handler) if (*result_waiting* $festival) { # process it } Look to see if there are any results waiting to be processed. This only guarantees that the start of the result has arrived, so a subsequent call to `get_result|' in this node may not return instantly, but should not block for an extended time. wait_for_result $festival, $timeout; Blocks until festival sends a result. Timeout is in seconds, if can be omitted, in which case the call waits for an unbounded time. Returns false if he call timed out, true if there is a request waiting. Again, this only guarantees that a result has started to arrive. ($type, $data) = get_result $festival; Reads a single result. EXAMPLES ======== The code below does some arithmatic the hard way. use Speech::Festival; $festival = new Speech::Festival -host => 'festival-server.mynet'; conn $festival || die "can't talk to festival - $speech_error"; request $festival '(+ 123 456)', sub { my ($type, $data) = @_; print "Scheme Result=$data" if $type eq $Speech::Festival::SCHEME; print "ERROR!\n" if $type eq $Speech::Festival::ERROR; }; AUTHOR ====== Richard Caley, R.Caley@ed.ac.uk SEE ALSO ======== `Speech::Synthesis' in this node, `Speech::Festival::Synthesis' in this node, perl(1), festival(1), Festival Documentation  File: pm.info, Node: Speech/Speech/Festival/Synthesiser, Next: Speech/Speech/Synthesiser, Prev: Speech/Speech/Festival, Up: Module List Simple text-to-speech using festival. ************************************* NAME ==== Speech::Festival::Synthesiser - Simple text-to-speech using festival. SYNOPSIS ======== use Speech::Speech::Festival::Synthesiser; $festival = new Speech::Festival::Synthesiser 'serverhost', 1314; start $festival; stop $festival; @voices = voice_list $festival; voice $festival "myvoice"; voice_description $festival; synth_description $festival; speak $festival $text; DESCRIPTION =========== `Speech::Festival::Synthesiser' in this node provides a simple way to add speech to a perl application. It is a sub-class of `Speech::Festival' in this node and so you can use any of the methods in that class to manipulate festival if necessary. This package conform to the interface defined by `Speech::Synthesiser' in this node and so provides a synthesiser for use throughthat interface. Actual sound output is provided by an auiliary class, by default `Audio::FileWave' in this node which runs an external program to play sound, but you can replace it with another class if you have a better way of playing sounds (eg a perl extension providing sound output), see the documentation for `Audio::FileWave' in this node for the interface an alternative should provide should implement. If you do use `Audio::FileWave' in this node you may need to set up the command it uses to play sounds, see the documentation for `Audio::FileWave' in this node. $festival = new Speech::Festival::Synthesiser -host => 'serverhost', -port => 1314, ... Create a new festival session which will connect to the given host and port. If ommitted these default to *localhost* and *1314*. start $festival; Connect to festival and inistilise the session. Returns true if all is well, false otherwise. In the event of an error the variable *$festival_error* conatains a description of it. stop $festival; Disconnect from festival. The connection may be reopened later with `' in this node, but any state will have been lost. @voices = *voice_list* $festival; Return a list of the voices available from this server. voice $festival "myvoice"; Select a voice. voice_description $festival; Returns the description of the current voice. synth_description $festival; Synthesize the standard festival introductory text. speak $festival $text; Speak the given text. AUTHOR ====== Richard Caley, R.Caley@ed.ac.uk SEE ALSO ======== `Speech::Synthesiser' in this node, `Speech::Festival' in this node, `Audio::FileWave' in this node, perl(1), festival(1), Festival Documentation  File: pm.info, Node: Speech/Speech/Synthesiser, Next: Spread, Prev: Speech/Speech/Festival/Synthesiser, Up: Module List Generic speech syntheiser interface *********************************** NAME ==== Speech::Synthesiser - Generic speech syntheiser interface SYNOPSIS ======== use Speech::Synthesiser; $synth = new Speech::Synthesiser -type => 'SynthName', # other args ; start $synth; stop $synth; @voices = voice_list $synth; voice $synth "myvoice"; intro $synth; speak $synth $text; DESCRIPTION =========== `Speech::Synthesiser' in this node provides a simple way to add speech to a perl application. It is a generic class which can be used to talk to any speech synthesiser given a suitable interface module. Actual sound output is provided by an auiliary class, by default `Audio::FileWave' in this node which runs an external program to play sound, but you can replace it with another class if you have a better way of playing sounds (eg a perl extension providing sound output), see the documentation for `Speech::FileWave' in this node for the interface an alternative should provide should implement. If you do use `Speech::FileWave' in this node you may need to set up the command it uses to play sounds, see the documentation for `Audio::FileWave' in this node. $synth = new Speech::Synthesiser -type => 'SynthName', ARGS; Create a synthesiser of the named type. Looks for a package `Speech::SynthName::Synthesiser'. All arguments are passed to the creation function for that class. The following arguments have special meaning to the `Speech::Synthesiser' new method. -waveimp CLASS CLASS is the name of a perl package which implements wave playing. If not given it defaults to `Audio::FileWave'. -waveargs [ @ARGS ] @ARGS are passed to the new method of the wave class. For `Audio::FileWave' this defaults to `( "riff" )'. start $synth; Do whatever is ncecessary to prepar ethe synthesiser fo work. Returns true if all is well, false otherwise. In the event of an error the variable *$synth_error* conatains a description of it. stop $synth; Close down the synthesiser, releasing any resources it holds. The synthesiser may be restarted with `' in this node, but any state may have been lost. @voices = *voice_list* $synth; Return a list of the voices available from this synthesiser. voice $synth "myvoice"; Select a voice. voice_description $synth; Returns a description of the voice. synth_description $synth; Synthesize a description of the synthesiser, speak $synth $text; Speak the given text. Not much more to be said really:-). EXAMPLE ======= The following should talk to you, all else being equal. Uses the festival synthesiser, so you will need to run a festival server on the named machine. use Speech::Synthesiser; $synth = new Speech::Synthesiser -type => 'Festival', -host => 'festival-server.mynet'; start $synth || die "can't talk to festival - $synth_error"; speak $synth "We are perl, prepare for assimilation."; AUTHOR ====== Richard Caley, R.Caley@ed.ac.uk SEE ALSO ======== `Speech::Festival' in this node, `Speech::Festival::Synthesiser' in this node, `Audio::FileWave' in this node, perl(1), festival(1), Festival Documentation  File: pm.info, Node: Spread, Next: Spreadsheet/BIFFwriter, Prev: Speech/Speech/Synthesiser, Up: Module List Perl extension for the Spread group communication system ******************************************************** NAME ==== Spread - Perl extension for the Spread group communication system SYNOPSIS ======== use Spread; # Connect my($mailbox, $private_group) = Sread::connect( spread_name => '4444@host.domain.com', private_name => 'mrcool', ); # Join and leave groups my(@group_to_join) = ( 'GroupA', 'GroupB', 'GroupC' ); my(@joined_groups) = grep( Spread::join($mbox, $_), @group_to_join ); print "Spread::join -- $sperrorno" unless (Spread::leave($mbox, 'GroupC')); # Multicast to group(s) Spread::multicast($mbox, AGREED_MESS, 'GroupB', 0, "Hey you!"); Spread::multicast($mbox, SAFE_MESS, @joined_groups, 0, "Hey yall!"); # Poll mailbox my($messsize) = Spread::poll($mbox); if(defined($messsize)) { print "Next message: $messsize bytes\n"; } else { print "Spread::poll $sperrno\n"; } # Receive messages (see spread's man pages for more description) my($sevice_type, $sender, $groups, $mess_type, $endian, $message) = Spread::receive($mbox); my($sevice_type, $sender, $groups, $mess_type, $endian, $message) = Spread::receive($mbox, 1.789); # 1.789 second timeout on receive # Disconnect if(Spread::disconnect($mbox)) { print "Successful disconnect\n"; } else { print "Spread::disconnect -- $sperrorno\n"; } DESCRIPTION =========== Understanding through practice ;) See man pages for SP_connect, SP_join, SP_multicast, SP_receive, SP_poll, SP_error, SP_leave, SP_disconnect. $sperror holds either the integer spread error or a descriptive string depending on the context in which $sperror is used. Exported constants ================== The predefined groups of exports in the use statements are as follows: use Spread qw(:SP); Exports the Spread::connect, Spread::join, Spread::multicast, Spread::receive, Spread::poll, Spread::error, Spread::leave, and Spread::disconnect as SP_connect, SP_join, SP_multicast, SP_receive, SP_poll, SP_error, SP_leave, and SP_disconnect, respectively. use Spread qw(:ERROR); Exports all of the error conditions. Please refer to the SP_* C man pages as the "RETURN VALUES" there have both identical spellings and meanings. use Spread qw(:MESS); Exports all of the message types (this is returned as service type by the Spread::receive function and is the request service type of the Spread::multicast function). The actual meaning of these orderings and assurances are not simple to explain without a basic understanding of group communication systems. For more information on this topic, please visit the Spread web site at http://www.spread.org/ All constants in alphabetical order: ACCEPT_SESSION AGREED_MESS BUFFER_TOO_SHORT CAUSAL_MESS CAUSED_BY_DISCONNECT CAUSED_BY_JOIN CAUSED_BY_LEAVE CAUSED_BY_NETWORK CONNECTION_CLOSED COULD_NOT_CONNECT FIFO_MESS HIGH_PRIORITY ILLEGAL_GROUP ILLEGAL_MESSAGE ILLEGAL_SERVICE ILLEGAL_SESSION ILLEGAL_SPREAD LOW_PRIORITY MAX_SCATTER_ELEMENTS MEDIUM_PRIORITY MEMBERSHIP_MESS REGULAR_MESS REG_MEMB_MESS REJECT_ILLEGAL_NAME REJECT_NOT_UNIQUE REJECT_NO_NAME REJECT_QUOTA REJECT_VERSION RELIABLE_MESS SAFE_MESS SELF_DISCARD TRANSITION_MESS UNRELIABLE_MESS AUTHOR ====== Theo Schlossnagle SEE ALSO ======== Various spread documentation at http://www.spread.org/.  File: pm.info, Node: Spreadsheet/BIFFwriter, Next: Spreadsheet/Format, Prev: Spread, Up: Module List Abstract base class for Excel workbooks and worksheets. ******************************************************* NAME ==== BIFFwriter - Abstract base class for Excel workbooks and worksheets. SYNOPSIS ======== See the documentation for Spreadsheet::WriteExcel DESCRIPTION =========== This module is used in conjuction with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. AUTHOR ====== John McNamara jmcnamara@cpan.org COPYRIGHT ========= Copyright (c) 2000, John McNamara. All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.  File: pm.info, Node: Spreadsheet/Format, Next: Spreadsheet/OLEwriter, Prev: Spreadsheet/BIFFwriter, Up: Module List Class for defining Excel formatting. ************************************ NAME ==== Format - Class for defining Excel formatting. SYNOPSIS ======== See the documentation for Spreadsheet::WriteExcel DESCRIPTION =========== This module is used in conjuction with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. AUTHOR ====== John McNamara jmcnamara@cpan.org COPYRIGHT ========= Copyright (c) 2000, John McNamara. All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.  File: pm.info, Node: Spreadsheet/OLEwriter, Next: Spreadsheet/ParseExcel, Prev: Spreadsheet/Format, Up: Module List Writes BIFF data into a OLE compound storage file. ************************************************** NAME ==== OLEwriter - Writes BIFF data into a OLE compound storage file. SYNOPSIS ======== See the documentation for Spreadsheet::WriteExcel DESCRIPTION =========== This module is used in conjuction with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. AUTHOR ====== John McNamara jmcnamara@cpan.org COPYRIGHT ========= Copyright (c) 2000, John McNamara. All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.  File: pm.info, Node: Spreadsheet/ParseExcel, Next: Spreadsheet/ParseExcel/Utility, Prev: Spreadsheet/OLEwriter, Up: Module List Get information from Excel file ******************************* NAME ==== Spreadsheet::ParseExcel - Get information from Excel file SYNOPSIS ======== use strict; use Spreadsheet::ParseExcel; my $oExcel = new Spreadsheet::ParseExcel; #1.1 Normal Excel97 my $oBook = $oExcel->Parse('Excel/Test97.xls'); my($iR, $iC, $oWkS, $oWkC); print "FILE :", $oBook->{File} , "\n"; print "COUNT :", $oBook->{SheetCount} , "\n"; print "AUTHOR:", $oBook->{Author} , "\n"; for(my $iSheet=0; $iSheet < $oBook->{SheetCount} ; $iSheet++) { $oWkS = $oBook->{Worksheet}[$iSheet]; print "--------- SHEET:", $oWkS->{Name}, "\n"; for(my $iR = $oWkS->{MinRow} ; defined $oWkS->{MaxRow} && $iR <= $oWkS->{MaxRow} ; $iR++) { for(my $iC = $oWkS->{MinCol} ; defined $oWkS->{MaxCol} && $iC <= $oWkS->{MaxCol} ; $iC++) { $oWkC = $oWkS->{Cells}[$iR][$iC]; print "( $iR , $iC ) =>", $oWkC->Value, "\n" if($oWkC); } } } DESCRIPTION =========== Spreadsheet::ParseExcel makes you to get information from Excel95, Excel97, Excel2000 file. Functions --------- new *$oExcel* = new Spreadsheet::ParseExcel; Constructor. Parse *$oWorkbook* = $oParse->Parse($sFileName [, $oFmt]); return `Workbook' in this node object. if error occurs, returns undef. $sFileName name of the file to parse From 0.12 (with OLE::Storage_Lite v.0.06), scalar reference of file contents (ex. \$sBuff) or IO::Handle object (inclucdng IO::File etc.) are also available. $oFmt `Formatter Class' in this node to format the value of cells. Workbook -------- *Spreadsheet::ParseExcel::Workbook* Workbook class has these properties : File Name of the file Author Author of the file Flag1904 If this flag is on, date of the file count from 1904. Version Version of the file SheetCount Numbers of `Worksheet' in this node s in that Workbook Worksheet[SheetNo] Array of `Worksheet' in this nodes class Worksheet --------- *Spreadsheet::ParseExcel::Worksheet* Worksheet class has these properties: Name Name of that Worksheet DefRowHeight Default height of rows DefColWidth Default width of columns RowHeight[Row] Array of row height ColHeight[Col] Array of column width (undef means DefColWidth) Cells[Row][Col] Array of `Cell' in this nodes infomation in the worksheet Cell ---- *Spreadsheet::ParseExcel::Cell* Cell class has these properties: Value Method Formatted value of that cell Val Original Value of that cell Type Kind of that cell ('Text', 'Numeric', 'Date') Code Character code of that cell (undef, 'ucs2', '_native_') undef tells that cell seems to be ascii. '_native_' tells that cell seems to be 'sjis' or something like that. Formatter class =============== *Spreadsheet::ParseExcel::Fmt** Formatter class will convert cell data. Spreadsheet::ParseExcel includes 2 formatter classes: FmtDefault and FmtJapanese. You can create your own FmtClass as you like. Formatter class(Spreadsheet::ParseExcel::Fmt*) should provide these functions: ChkType($oSelf, $iNumeric, $iFmtIdx) tells type of the cell that has specified value. $oSelf Formatter itself $iNumeric If on, the value seems to be number $iFmtIdx Format index number of that cell TextFmt($oSelf, $sText, $sCode) converts original text into applicatable for Value. $oSelf Formatter itself $sText Original text $sCode Character code of Original text ValFmt($oSelf, $oCell, $oBook) converts original value into applicatable for Value. $oSelf Formatter itself $oCell Cell object $oBook Workbook object AUTHOR ====== Kawai Takanori (Hippo2000) kwitknr@cpan.org http://member.nifty.ne.jp/hippo2000/ (Japanese) http://member.nifty.ne.jp/hippo2000/index_e.htm (English) SEE ALSO ======== XLHTML, OLE::Storage, Spreadsheet::WriteExcel, OLE::Storage_Lite This module is based on herbert within OLE::Storage and XLHTML. COPYRIGHT ========= The Spreadsheet::ParseExcel module is Copyright (c) 2000,2001 Kawai Takanori. Japan. All rights reserved. You may distribute under the terms of either the GNU General Public License or the Artistic License, as specified in the Perl README file. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ================ First of all, I would like to acknowledge valuable program and modules : XHTML, OLE::Storage and Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. In no particular order: Yamaji Haruna, Simamoto Takesi, Noguchi Harumi, Ikezawa Kazuhiro, Suwazono Shugo, Hirofumi Morisada, Michael Edwards, Kim Namusk and many many people + Kawai Mikako.  File: pm.info, Node: Spreadsheet/ParseExcel/Utility, Next: Spreadsheet/Workbook, Prev: Spreadsheet/ParseExcel, Up: Module List Utility function for Spreadsheet::ParseExcel ******************************************** NAME ==== Spreadsheet::ParseExcel::Utility - Utility function for Spreadsheet::ParseExcel SYNOPSIS ======== use strict; #Declare use Spreadsheet::ParseExcel::Utility qw(ExcelFmt ExcelLocaltime LocaltimeExcel); #Convert localtime ->Excel Time my $iBirth = LocaltimeExcel(11, 10, 12, 23, 2, 64); # = 1964-3-23 12:10:11 print $iBirth, "\n"; # 23459.5070717593 #Convert Excel Time -> localtime my @aBirth = ExcelLocaltime($iBirth, undef); print join(":", @aBirth), "\n"; # 11:10:12:23:2:64:1:0 #Formatting print ExcelFmt('yyyy-mm-dd', $iBirth), "\n"; #1964-3-23 print ExcelFmt('m-d-yy', $iBirth), "\n"; # 3-23-64 print ExcelFmt('#,##0', $iBirth), "\n"; # 23,460 print ExcelFmt('#,##0.00', $iBirth), "\n"; # 23,459.51 print ExcelFmt('"My Birthday is (m/d):" m/d', $iBirth), "\n"; # My Birthday is (m/d): 3/23 DESCRIPTION =========== Spreadsheet::ParseExcel::Utility exports utility functions concerned with Excel format setting. Functions ========= This module can export 3 functions: ExcelFmt, ExcelLocaltime and LocaltimeExcel. ExcelFmt -------- $sTxt = ExcelFmt($sFmt, $iData [, $i1904]); *$sFmt* is a format string for Excel. *$iData* is the target value. If *$flg1904* is true, this functions assumes that epoch is 1904. *$sTxt* is the result. For more detail and examples, please refer sample/chkFmt.pl in this distribution. ex. =head2 ExcelLocaltime ($iSec, $iMin, $iHour, $iDay, $iMon, $iYear, $iwDay, $iMSec) = ExcelLocaltime($iExTime [, $flg1904]); *ExcelLocaltime* converts time information in Excel format into Perl localtime format. *$iExTime* is a time of Excel. If *$flg1904* is true, this functions assumes that epoch is 1904. *$iSec*, *$iMin*, *$iHour*, *$iDay*, *$iMon*, *$iYear*, *$iwDay* are same as localtime. *$iMSec* means 1/1,000,000 seconds(ms). LocaltimeExcel -------------- *$iExTime* = LocaltimeExcel($iSec, $iMin, $iHour, $iDay, $iMon, $iYear [,$iMSec] [,$flg1904]) LocaltimeExcel converts time information in Perl localtime format into Excel format . *$iSec*, *$iMin*, *$iHour*, *$iDay*, *$iMon*, *$iYear* are same as localtime. If *$flg1904* is true, this functions assumes that epoch is 1904. *$iExTime* is a time of Excel. AUTHOR ------ Kawai Takanori (Hippo2000) kwitknr@cpan.org http://member.nifty.ne.jp/hippo2000/ (Japanese) http://member.nifty.ne.jp/hippo2000/index_e.htm (English) SEE ALSO ======== Spreadsheet::ParseExcel, Spreadsheet::WriteExcel COPYRIGHT ========= This module is part of the Spreadsheet::ParseExcel distribution.  File: pm.info, Node: Spreadsheet/Workbook, Next: Spreadsheet/Worksheet, Prev: Spreadsheet/ParseExcel/Utility, Up: Module List A writer class for Excel Workbooks. *********************************** NAME ==== Workbook - A writer class for Excel Workbooks. SYNOPSIS ======== See the documentation for Spreadsheet::WriteExcel DESCRIPTION =========== This module is used in conjuction with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. AUTHOR ====== John McNamara jmcnamara@cpan.org COPYRIGHT ========= Copyright (c) 2000, John McNamara. All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.  File: pm.info, Node: Spreadsheet/Worksheet, Next: Spreadsheet/WriteExcel, Prev: Spreadsheet/Workbook, Up: Module List A writer class for Excel Worksheets. ************************************ NAME ==== Worksheet - A writer class for Excel Worksheets. SYNOPSIS ======== See the documentation for Spreadsheet::WriteExcel DESCRIPTION =========== This module is used in conjuction with Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. AUTHOR ====== John McNamara jmcnamara@cpan.org COPYRIGHT ========= Copyright (c) 2000, John McNamara. All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.  File: pm.info, Node: Spreadsheet/WriteExcel, Next: Spreadsheet/WriteExcel/BIFFwriter, Prev: Spreadsheet/Worksheet, Up: Module List Write to a cross-platform Excel binary file. ******************************************** NAME ==== Spreadsheet::WriteExcel - Write to a cross-platform Excel binary file. VERSION ======= This document refers to version 0.30 of Spreadsheet::WriteExcel, released February 26, 2001. SYNOPSIS ======== To write a string, a formatted string, a number and a formula to the first worksheet in an Excel workbook called perl.xls: use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel; # Create a new Excel workbook my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("perl.xls"); $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet(); # Add a worksheet $format = $workbook->addformat(); # Add a format # Define the format $format->set_bold(); $format->set_color('red'); $format->set_align('center'); # Row and column are zero indexed $col = 0; $row = 0; $worksheet->write($row, $col, "Hi Excel!"); $worksheet->write(1, $col, "Hi Excel!", $format); $worksheet->write(2, $col, 1.2345); $worksheet->write(3, $col, '=SIN(PI()/4)'); DESCRIPTION =========== The Spreadsheet::WriteExcel module can be used create a cross-platform Excel binary file. Multiple worksheets can be added to a workbook and formatting can be applied to cells. Text, numbers, formulas and hyperlinks can be written to the cells. The Excel file produced by this module is compatible with Excel 5, 95, 97 and 2000. The module will work on the majority of Windows, UNIX and Macintosh platforms. Generated files are also compatible with the Linux/UNIX spreadsheet applications OpenOffice, Gnumeric and XESS. The generated files are not compatible with MS Access. WORKBOOK METHODS ================ The Spreadsheet::WriteExcel module provides an object oriented interface to a new Excel workbook. The following methods are available through a new workbook. If you are unfamiliar with object oriented interfaces or the way that they are implemented in Perl have a look at `perlobj' and `perltoot' in the main Perl documentation. new() ----- A new Excel workbook is created using the new() constructor as follows: my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("filename.xls"); Although my is not specifically required it defines the scope of the new workbook variable and, in the majority of cases, ensures that the workbook is closed properly without explicitly calling the close() method. You can redirect the output to STDOUT using the special Perl filehandle `"-"'. This can be useful for CGIs which have a Content-type of `application/vnd.ms-excel', for example: #!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel; # Set the filename and send the content type and disposition my $filename ="cgitest.xls"; print "Content-type: application/vnd.ms-excel\n"; print "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=$filename\n"; print "\n"; my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("-"); my $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet(); $workbook->write(0, 0, "Hi Excel!"); close() ------- The close() method can be called to explicitly close an Excel file. $workbook->close(); An explicit close() is required if the file must be closed prior to performing some external action on it such as copying or reading its size. In addition, close() may be required if the scope of the Workbook, Worksheet or Format objects cannot be determined by perl. Situations where this can occur are: * If my() was not used to declare the scope of a workbook variable created using new(). * If the `addworksheet()' or addformat() methods are called in subroutines. The reason for this is that Spreadsheet::WriteExcel relies on Perl's DESTROY subroutine to trigger destructor methods in a specific sequence. This will not happen if the scope of the variables cannot be determined. In general, if you create a file with a size of 0 bytes you need to call close(). addworksheet($sheetname) ------------------------ At least one worksheet should be added to a new workbook: $worksheet1 = $workbook->addworksheet(); # Sheet1 $worksheet2 = $workbook->addworksheet('Foglio2'); # Foglio2 $worksheet3 = $workbook->addworksheet('Data'); # Data $worksheet4 = $workbook->addworksheet(); # Sheet4 If `$sheetname' is not specified the default Excel convention will be followed, i.e. Sheet1, Sheet2, etc. addformat() ----------- The addformat() method can be used to create new Format objects which are used to apply formatting to a cell: $format1 = $workbook->addformat(); $format2 = $workbook->addformat(); See the `FORMAT METHODS' in this node section for details. worksheets() ------------ The worksheets() method returns a reference to the array of worksheets in a workbook. This can be useful if you want to repeat an operation on each worksheet in a workbook or if you wish to refer to a worksheet by its index: foreach $worksheet (@{$workbook->worksheets()}) { $worksheet->write(0, 0, "Hello"); } # or: $worksheets = $workbook->worksheets(); @$worksheets[0]->write(0, 0, "Hello"); References are explained in detail in `perlref' and `perlreftut' in the main Perl documentation. set_1904() ---------- Excel stores dates as real numbers where the integer part stores the number of days since the epoch and the fractional part stores the percentage of the day. The epoch can be either 1900 or 1904. Excel for Windows uses 1900 and Excel for Macintosh uses 1904. However, Excel on either platform will convert automatically between one system and the other. Spreadsheet::WriteExcel stores dates in the 1900 format by default. If you wish to change this you can call the set_1904() workbook method. You can query the current value by calling the `get_1904()' workbook method. This returns 0 for 1900 and 1 for 1904. In general you probably won't need to use set_1904(). WORKSHEET METHODS ================= The following methods are available through a new worksheet. A new worksheet is created by calling the `addworksheet()' method from a workbook object: $worksheet1 = $workbook->addworksheet(); $worksheet2 = $workbook->addworksheet(); write($row, $column, $token, $format) ------------------------------------- The write() method is a general alias for one of several methods of writing to a cell in Excel. write() calls one of the following methods depending on the value of $token: `write_number()' if $token is a number based on the following regex: `$token =~ /^([+-]?)(?=\d|\.\d)\d*(\.\d*)?([Ee]([+-]?\d+))?$/'. `write_blank()' if $token is a blank string: "" or ". `write_url()' if $token is a URL based on the following regex: `$token =~ m|[fh]tt?p://|'. `write_formula()' if the first character of $token is =. `write_string()' if none of the previous conditions apply. Here are some examples: $worksheet->write(0, 0, "Hello" ); # write_string() $worksheet->write(1, 0, 'One' ); # write_string() $worksheet->write(2, 0, 2 ); # write_number() $worksheet->write(3, 0, 3.00001 ); # write_number() $worksheet->write(4, 0, "" ); # write_blank() $worksheet->write(5, 0, '' ); # write_blank() $worksheet->write(6, 0, 'http://www.perl.com/' ); # write_url() $worksheet->write(7, 0, 'ftp://ftp.cpan.org/' ); # write_url() $worksheet->write(8, 0, '=A3 + 3*A4' ); # write_formula() $worksheet->write(9, 0, '=SIN(PI()/4)' ); # write_formula() The `$format' argument is optional. It should be a valid Format object, see `FORMAT METHODS' in this node: my $format = $workbook->addformat(); $format->set_bold(); $format->set_color('red'); $format->set_align('center'); $worksheet->write(4, 0, "Hello", $format ); # Formatted string It should be noted that `$row' and `$column' are zero indexed cell locations for the write methods. Thus, Cell A1 is (0, 0) and Cell AD2000 is (1999, 29). Cells can be written to in any order but for forward compatibility it is probably best to write them in row-column order when possible. The write methods return: 0 for success. -1 for insufficient number of arguments. -2 for row or column out of bounds. -3 for string too long. write_number($row, $column, $number, $format) --------------------------------------------- Write an integer or a float to the cell specified by `$row' and `$column': $worksheet->write_number(0, 0, 1 ); $worksheet->write_number(1, 0, 2.3451); The `$format' argument is optional. write_string($row, $column, $string, $format) --------------------------------------------- Write a string to the cell specified by `$row' and `$column': $worksheet->write_string(0, 0, "Your text here" ); The maximum string size is 255 characters. The `$format' argument is optional. write_formula($row, $column, $formula, $format) ----------------------------------------------- Write a formula or function to the cell specified by `$row' and `$column': $worksheet->write_formula(0, 0, '=$B$3 + B4' ); $worksheet->write_formula(1, 0, '=SIN(PI()/4)'); $worksheet->write_formula(2, 0, '=SUM(B1:B5)'); $worksheet->write_formula(3, 0, '=IF(A3>1,"Yes", "No")'); $worksheet->write_formula(4, 0, '=AVERAGE(1, 2, 3, 4)'); $worksheet->write_formula(5, 0, '=DATEVALUE("1-Jan-2001")'); For more information about writing Excel formulas see `FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL' in this node write_blank($row, $column, $format) ----------------------------------- Write a blank cell specified by `$row' and `$column': $worksheet->write_blank(0, 0, $format); This method is useful for adding formatting to a cell which doesn't contain a string or number value. write_url($row, $col, $url, $string, $format) --------------------------------------------- Write a hyperlink to a URL in the cell specified by `$row' and `$column'. The hyperlink is comprised of two elements: the visible label and the invisible link. The visible label is the same as the link unless an alternative string is specified. The alternative $string and the `$format' are optional. $worksheet->write_url(0, 0, 'http://www.perl.com/' ); $worksheet->write_url(1, 0, 'http://www.perl.com/', 'Perl home' ); $worksheet->write_url(2, 0, 'http://www.perl.com/', undef, $format ); The label is written using the `write_string()' method. Therefore the 255 characters string limit applies to the label: the URL can be any length. Use undef if you wish to specify a format without specifying an alternative string. Note: Hyperlinks are not available in Excel 5. They will appear as a string only. activate() ---------- The activate() method is used to specify which worksheet is initially selected in a multi-sheet workbook: $worksheet1 = $workbook->addworksheet('To'); $worksheet2 = $workbook->addworksheet('the'); $worksheet3 = $workbook->addworksheet('wind'); $worksheet3->activate(); This is similar to the Excel VBA activate method. The default value is the first worksheet. set_first_sheet() ----------------- The activate() method determines which worksheet is initially selected. However, if there are a large number of worksheets the selected worksheet may not appear on the screen. To avoid this you can select which is the leftmost visible worksheet using set_first_sheet(): for (1..20) { $workbook->addworksheet; } $worksheet21 = $workbook->addworksheet(); $worksheet22 = $workbook->addworksheet(); $worksheet21->set_first_sheet(); $worksheet22->activate(); This method is not required very often. The default value is the first worksheet. set_selection($first_row, $first_col, $last_row, $last_col); ------------------------------------------------------------ This method can be used to specify which cell or cells are selected in a worksheet. The most common requirement is to select a single cell, in which case `$last_row' and `$last_col' are not required. The active cell within a selected range is determined by the order in which `$first' and `$last' are specified: $worksheet1->set_selection(3, 3); # Cell D4 $worksheet2->set_selection(3, 3, 6, 6); # Cells D4 to G7 $worksheet3->set_selection(6, 6, 3, 3); # Cells G7 to D4 The default is cell (0, 0). set_row($row, $height, $format); -------------------------------- This method can be used to specify the height of a row. The `$format' argument is optional, for additional information, see `FORMAT METHODS' in this node. $worksheet->set_row(0, 20); # Row 1 height set to 20 If you wish to set the format without changing the height you can pass undef as the height parameter: $worksheet->set_row(0, undef, $height); set_column($first_col, $last_col, $width, $format); --------------------------------------------------- This method can be used to specify the width of a single column or a range of columns. If the method is applied to a single column the value of `$first_col' and `$last_col' should be the same: $worksheet->set_column(0, 0, 20); # Column A width set to 20 $worksheet->set_column(1, 3, 30); # Columns B-D width set to 30 The width corresponds to the column width value that is specified in Excel. It is approximately equal to the length of a string in the default font of Arial 10. The `$format' argument is optional, for additional information, see `FORMAT METHODS' in this node. If you wish to set the format without changing the width you can pass undef as the width parameter: $worksheet->set_column(0, 0, undef, $format); FORMAT METHODS ============== This section describes the methods that are available through a Format object. Format objects are created by calling the workbook addformat() method as follows: my $heading1 = $workbook->addformat(); my $heading2 = $workbook->addformat(); The format object holds all the formatting properties that can be applied to a cell, a row or a column. The following table shows the Excel format categories, the formatting properties that can be applied and the relevant object method to do so: Category Property Method Name -------- -------- ----------- Font Font type set_font() Font size set_size() Font color set_color() Bold set_bold() Italic set_italic() Underline set_underline() Strikeout set_font_strikeout() Super/Subscript set_font_script() Outline set_font_outline() Shadow set_font_shadow() Number Numeric format set_num_format() Alignment Horizontal align set_align() Vertical align set_align() Rotation set_rotation() Text wrap set_text_wrap() Justify last set_text_justlast() Merge set_merge() Pattern Cell pattern set_pattern() Background color set_bg_color() Foreground color set_fg_color() Border Cell border set_border() Bottom border set_bottom() Top border set_top() Left border set_left() Right border set_right() Border color set_border_color() Bottom color set_bottom_color() Top color set_top_color() Left color set_left_color() Right color set_right_color() The default format is Arial 10 with all other properties off. In general a method call without an argument will turn a property on, for example: my $format1 = $workbook->addformat(); $format1->set_bold(); # Turns bold on $format1->set_bold(1); # Also turns bold on $format1->set_bold(0); # Turns bold off More than one property can be applied to a format: my $format2 = $workbook->addformat(); $format2->set_bold(); $format2->set_italic(); $format2->set_color('red'); Once a Format object has been constructed it can be passed as an argument to the worksheet write methods as follows: $worksheet->write(0, 0, "One", $format); $worksheet->write_string(1, 0, "Two", $format); $worksheet->write_number(2, 0, 3, $format); $worksheet->write_blank(3, 0, $format); Formats can also be passed to the worksheet `set_row()' and `set_column()' methods to define the default property for a row or column. $worksheet->set_row(0, 15, $format); $worksheet->set_column(0, 0, 15, $format); However, the `set_row()' and `set_column()' methods will not set the format for individual cells written by WriteExcel, they only have an effect on cells written after the workbook is opened in Excel. It is important to understand that a Format is applied to a cell not in its current state but in its final state. Consider the following example: my $format = $workbook->addformat(); $format->set_bold(); $format->set_color('red'); $worksheet->write(0, 0, "Cell A1", $format); $format->set_color('green'); $worksheet->write(0, 1, "Cell B1", $format); Cell A1 is assigned the Format `$format' which is initially set to the colour red. However, the colour is subsequently set to green. When Excel displays Cell A1 it will display the final state of the Format which in this case will be the colour green. The Format object methods are described in more detail in the following sections. In addition, there is a Perl program called `formats.pl' in the examples directory of the WriteExcel distribution. This program creates an Excel workbook called `formats.xls' which contains examples of almost all the format types. copy($format) ------------- This is the only method of a Format object that doesn't apply directly to a property. It is used to copy all of the properties from one Format object to another: my $lorry1 = $workbook->addformat(); $lorry1->set_bold(); $lorry1->set_italic(); $lorry1->set_color('red'); # lorry1 is bold, italic and red my $lorry2 = $workbook->addformat(); $lorry2->copy($lorry1); $lorry2->set_color('yellow'); # lorry2 is bold, italic and yellow This can be useful when you are setting up several complex but similar formats. It is also useful if you want to use a format in more than one workbook: # Create the workbooks my $workbook1 = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("workbook1.xls"); my $workbook2 = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("workbook2.xls"); my $worksheet1 = $workbook->addworksheet(); my $worksheet2 = $workbook->addworksheet(); my $format1 = $workbook->addformat(); my $format2 = $workbook->addformat(); # Create a global format object that isn't tied to a workbook my $global = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel::Format->new(); $global->set_color('blue'); # Copy the global format properties to the worksheet formats $format1->copy($global); $format2->copy($global); Note: this is not a copy constructor, both objects must exist prior to copying. set_font($fontname) ------------------- Default state: Font is Arial Default action: None Valid args: Any valid font name Specify the font used: $format->set_font('Times New Roman'); Excel can only display fonts that are installed on the system that it is running on. Therefore it is best to use the fonts that come as standard such as 'Arial', 'Times New Roman' and 'Courier New'. See also the Fonts worksheet created by formats.pl set_size() ---------- Default state: Font size is 10 Default action: Set font size to 1 Valid args: Integer values from 1 to as big as your screen. Set the font size. Excel adjusts the height of a row to accommodate the largest font size in the row. You can also explicitly specify the height of a row using the set_row() worksheet method. my $format = $workbook->addformat(); $format->set_size(30); set_color() ----------- Default state: Excels default color, usually black Default action: Set the default color Valid args: Integers form 8..63 or the following strings: 'aqua' 'black' 'blue' 'fuchsia' 'gray' 'green' 'lime' 'navy' 'orange' 'purple' 'red' 'silver' 'white' 'yellow' Set the font colour. The set_color() method is used as follows: my $format = $workbook->addformat(); $format->set_color('red'); $worksheet->write(0, 0, "wheelbarrow", $format); Note: The set_color() method is used to set the colour of the font in a cell. To set the colour of a cell use the set_fg_color() and set_pattern() methods. For additional examples see the 'Named colors' and 'Standard colors' worksheets created by formats.pl set_bold() ---------- Default state: bold is off Default action: Turn bold on Valid args: 0, 1 [1] Set the bold property of the font: $format->set_bold(); # Turn bold on [1] Actually, values in the range 100..1000 are also valid. 400 is normal, 700 is bold and 1000 is very bold indeed. It is probably best to set the value to 1 and use normal bold. set_italic() ------------ Default state: Italic is off Default action: Turn italic on Valid args: 0, 1 Set the italic property of the font. set_underline() --------------- Default state: Underline is off Default action: Turn on single underline Valid args: 0 = No underline 1 = Single underline 2 = Double underline 33 = Single accounting underline 34 = Double accounting underline Set the underline property of the font. set_strikeout() --------------- Default state: Strikeout is off Default action: Turn strikeout on Valid args: 0, 1 Set the strikeout property of the font. set_script() ------------ Default state: Super/Subscript is off Default action: Turn Superscript on Valid args: 0 = Normal 1 = Superscript 2 = Subscript Set the superscript/subscript property of the font. This format is currently not very useful. set_outline() ------------- Default state: Outline is off Default action: Turn outline on Valid args: 0, 1 Macintosh only. set_shadow() ------------ Default state: Shadow is off Default action: Turn shadow on Valid args: 0, 1 Macintosh only. set_num_format() ---------------- Default state: General format Default action: Format index 1 Valid args: See the following table This method is used to define the numerical format of a number in Excel. It controls whether a number is displayed as an integer, a floating point number, a date, a currency value or some other user defined format. The numerical format of a cell can be specified by using a format string or an index to one of Excel's built-in formats: my $format1 = $workbook->addformat(); my $format2 = $workbook->addformat(); $format1->set_num_format('d mmm yyyy'); # Format string $format2->set_num_format(0x0f); # Format index $worksheet->write(0, 0, 36892.521, $format1); # 1 Jan 2001 $worksheet->write(0, 0, 36892.521, $format2); # 1-Jan-01 Using format strings you can define very sophisticated formatting of numbers. $format01->set_num_format('0.000'); $worksheet->write(0, 0, 3.1415926, $format01); # 3.142 $format02->set_num_format('#,##0'); $worksheet->write(1, 0, 1234.56, $format02); # 1,235 $format03->set_num_format('#,##0.00'); $worksheet->write(2, 0, 1234.56, $format03); # 1,234.56 $format04->set_num_format('$0.00'); $worksheet->write(3, 0, 49.99, $format04); # $49.99 $format05->set_num_format('£0.00'); $worksheet->write(4, 0, 49.99, $format05); # £49.99 $format06->set_num_format('¥0.00'); $worksheet->write(5, 0, 49.99, $format06); # ¥49.99 $format07->set_num_format('mm/dd/yy'); $worksheet->write(6, 0, 36892.521, $format07); # 01/01/01 $format08->set_num_format('mmm d yyyy'); $worksheet->write(7, 0, 36892.521, $format08); # Jan 1 2001 $format09->set_num_format('d mmmm yyyy'); $worksheet->write(8, 0, 36892.521, $format09); # 1 January 2001 $format10->set_num_format('dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm AM/PM'); $worksheet->write(9, 0, 36892.521, $format10); # 01/01/2001 12:30 AM $format11->set_num_format('0 "dollar and" .00 "cents"'); $worksheet->write(10, 0, 1.87, $format11); # 1 dollar and .87 cents # Conditional formatting $format12->set_num_format('[Green]General;[Red]-General;General'); $worksheet->write(11, 0, 123, $format12); # > 0 Green $worksheet->write(12, 0, -45, $format12); # < 0 Red $worksheet->write(13, 0, 0, $format12); # = 0 Default colour The colour format should have one of the following values: [Black] [Blue] [Cyan] [Green] [Magenta] [Red] [White] [Yellow] Alternatively you can specify the colour based on a colour index as follows: `[Color n]', where n is a standard Excel colour index - 7. See the 'Standard colors' worksheet created by formats.pl. For more information refer to the documentation on formatting in the doc directory of the Spreadsheet::WriteExcel distro, the Excel on-line help or to the tutorial at: http://support.microsoft.com/support/Excel/Content/Formats/default.asp and http://support.microsoft.com/support/Excel/Content/Formats/codes.asp You should ensure that the format string is valid in Excel prior to using it in WriteExcel. One of the most common uses of the set_num_format() is to format a number as a date. Excel stores dates as a real number where the integer part of the number stores the number of days since the epoch and the fractional part stores the percentage of the day. The epoch can be either 1900 or 1904. Excel for Windows uses 1900 and Excel for Macintosh uses 1904. However, Excel on either platform will convert automatically between one system and the other. For an example of how to convert between UNIX/Perl time and Excel time have a look at the `ms_time.pl' program in the examples directory of the WriteExcel distribution. Excel's built-in formats are shown in the following table: Index Index Format String 0 0x00 General 1 0x01 0 2 0x02 0.00 3 0x03 #,##0 4 0x04 #,##0.00 5 0x05 ($#,##0_);($#,##0) 6 0x06 ($#,##0_);[Red]($#,##0) 7 0x07 ($#,##0.00_);($#,##0.00) 8 0x08 ($#,##0.00_);[Red]($#,##0.00) 9 0x09 0% 10 0x0a 0.00% 11 0x0b 0.00E+00 12 0x0c # ?/? 13 0x0d # ??/?? 14 0x0e m/d/yy 15 0x0f d-mmm-yy 16 0x10 d-mmm 17 0x11 mmm-yy 18 0x12 h:mm AM/PM 19 0x13 h:mm:ss AM/PM 20 0x14 h:mm 21 0x15 h:mm:ss 22 0x16 m/d/yy h:mm .. .... ........... 37 0x25 (#,##0_);(#,##0) 38 0x26 (#,##0_);[Red](#,##0) 39 0x27 (#,##0.00_);(#,##0.00) 40 0x28 (#,##0.00_);[Red](#,##0.00) 41 0x29 _(* #,##0_);_(* (#,##0);_(* "-"_);_(@_) 42 0x2a _($* #,##0_);_($* (#,##0);_($* "-"_);_(@_) 43 0x2b _(* #,##0.00_);_(* (#,##0.00);_(* "-"??_);_(@_) 44 0x2c _($* #,##0.00_);_($* (#,##0.00);_($* "-"??_);_(@_) 45 0x2d mm:ss 46 0x2e [h]:mm:ss 47 0x2f mm:ss.0 48 0x30 ##0.0E+0 49 0x31 @ For examples of these formatting codes see the 'Numerical formats' worksheet created by formats.pl. Note 1. Numeric formats 23 to 36 are not documented by Microsoft and may differ in international versions. Note 2. In Excel 5 the dollar sign appears as a dollar sign. In Excel 97-2000 it appears as the defined local currency symbol. Note 3. The red negative numeric formats display slightly differently in Excel 5 and Excel 97-2000. set_align() ----------- Default state: Alignment is off Default action: Left alignment Valid args: 'left' Horizontal 'center' 'right' 'fill' 'justify' 'merge' 'top' Vertical 'vcenter' 'bottom' 'vjustify' This method is used to set the horizontal and vertical text alignment within a cell. Vertical and horizontal alignments can be combined. The method is used as follows: my $format = $workbook->addformat(); $format->set_align('center'); $format->set_align('vcenter'); $worksheet->set_row(0, 30); $worksheet->write(0, 0, "X", $format); Text can be aligned across two or more adjacent cells using the merge property. See also, the set_merge() method. The `vjustify' (vertical justify) option can be used to provide automatic text wrapping in a cell. The height of the cell will be adjusted to accommodate the wrapped text. To specify where the text wraps use the set_text_wrap() method. For further examples see the 'Alignment' worksheet created by formats.pl. set_merge() ----------- Default state: Cell merging is off Default action: Turn cell merging on Valid args: 1 Text can be aligned across two or more adjacent cells using the set_merge() method. This is an alias for the unintuitive `set_align('merge')' method call. Only one cell should contain the text, the other cells should be blank: my $format = $workbook->addformat(); $format->set_merge(); $worksheet->write(1, 1, 'Merged cells', $format); $worksheet->write_blank(1, 2, $format); See also the `merge1.pl' and `merge2.pl' programs in the examples directory. set_text_wrap() --------------- Default state: Text wrap is off Default action: Turn text wrap on Valid args: 0, 1 Here is an example using the text wrap property, the escape character \n is used to indicate the end of line: my $format = $workbook->addformat(); $format->set_text_wrap(); $worksheet->write(0, 0, "It's\na bum\nwrap", $format); Excel will adjust the height of the row to accommodate the wrapped text. A similar effect can be obtained without newlines using the `set_align('vjustify')' method. See the `textwrap.pl' program in the examples directory. set_rotation() -------------- Default state: Text rotation is off Default action: Rotation style 1 Valid args: 0 No rotation 1 Letters run from top to bottom 2 90° anticlockwise 3 90° clockwise Set the rotation of the text in a cell. See the 'Alignment' worksheet created by formats.pl. set_text_justlast() ------------------- Default state: Justify last is off Default action: Turn justify last on Valid args: 0, 1 Only applies to Far Eastern versions of Excel. set_pattern() ------------- Default state: Pattern is off Default action: Solid fill is on Valid args: 0 .. 31 Examples of the available patterns are shown in the 'Patterns' worksheet created by formats.pl. However, it is unlikely that you will ever need anything other than Pattern 1 which is a solid fill of the foreground color. set_fg_color() -------------- Also applies to: set_bg_color Default state: Color is off Default action: Undefined Valid args: See set_color() Note, the foreground and background colours will only have an effect if the cell pattern has been set. In the most common case you can specify the solid fill pattern and the foreground colour as follows: my $format = $workbook->addformat(); $format->set_pattern(); # Set pattern to 1, i.e. solid fill $format->set_fg_color('green'); # Note foreground and not background $worksheet->write(0, 0, "Ray", $format); set_border() ------------ Also applies to: set_bottom() set_top() set_left() set_right() Default state: Border is off Default action: Set border type 1 Valid args: 0 No border 1 Thin single border 2 Medium single border 3 Dashed border 4 Dotted border 5 Thick single border 6 Double line border 7 Hair border A cell border is comprised of a border on the bottom, top, left and right. These can be set to the same value using set_border() or individually using the relevant method calls shown above. Examples of the available border styles are shown in the 'Borders' worksheet created by formats.pl. set_border_color() ------------------ Also applies to: set_bottom_color() set_top_color() set_left_color() set_right_color() Default state: Color is off Default action: Undefined Valid args: See set_color() Set the colour of the cell borders. FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL =============================== The first thing to note is that there are still some outstanding issues with the implementation of formulas and functions: * Writing a formula is much slower than writing the equivalent string. * Unary minus isn't supported. * You cannot reference cells outside of the current worksheet. * You cannot use arrays constants, i.e. {1;2;3}, in functions. * You cannot use embedded double quotes in strings. * Whitespace is not preserved around operators. However, these constraints will be removed in future versions. They are here because of a trade-off between features and time. The following is a brief introduction to formulas and functions in Excel and Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. A formula is a string that begins with an equal sign: '=A1+B1' '=AVERAGE(1, 2, 3)' The formula can contain numbers, strings, boolean values, cell references, cell ranges and functions. Formulas should be written as they appear in Excel, that is cells and functions must be in uppercase. Cells in Excel are referenced using the A1 notation system where the column is designated by a letter and the row by a number. Columns range from A to IV i.e. 0 to 255, rows range from 1 to 16384. This system is different from the zero indexed row and column syntax used by the Spreadsheet::WriteExcel write() methods where, for example, the cell `C7' would be referred to as `(6,2)'. In the examples directory of the distro there is program called `A1convert.pl' which contains functions to help you convert between the two systems. The Excel `$' notation in cell references is also supported. This allows you to specify whether a row or column is relative or absolute. This only has an effect if the cell is copied. The following examples show relative and absolute values. '=A1' # Column and row are relative '=$A1' # Column is absolute and row is relative '=A$1' # Column is relative and row is absolute '=$A$1' # Column and row are absolute The following table lists the operators that are available in Excel functions. The majority of the operators are the same as Perl's. Differences are indicated. Arithmetic operators: ===================== Operator Meaning Example + Addition 1+2 - Subtraction 2-1 * Multiplication 2*3 / Division 1/4 ^ Exponentiation 2^3 # Equivalent to ** - Unary minus -(1+2) # Not yet supported % Percent (Not modulus) 13% # Not supported, Note [1] Comparison operators: ===================== Operator Meaning Example = Equal to A1 = B1 # Equivalent to == <> Not equal to A1 <> B1 # Equivalent to != > Greater than A1 > B1 < Less than A1 < B1 >= Greater than or equal to A1 > =B1 <= Less than or equal to A1 <= B1 String operator: ================ Operator Meaning Example & Concatenation "Hello " & "World!" # Note [2] Reference operators: ==================== Operator Meaning Example : Range operator A1:A4 # Note [3] , Union operator SUM(1, 2+2, B3) # Note [4] Note [1]: You can get a percentage with formatting and modulus with MOD(). Note [2]: Equivalent to ("Hello " . "World!") in Perl. Note [3]: This range is equivalent to cells A1, A2, A3 and A4. Note [4]: The comma behaves like the list separator in Perl. The range and comma operators can have different symbols in non-English versions of Excel. These will be supported in a later version of Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. The following table lists all of the core functions supported by Excel 5 and Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. Any additional functions that are available through the "Analysis ToolPak" or other add-ins are not supported. ABS DB INDIRECT NORMINV SLN ACOS DCOUNT INFO NORMSDIST SLOPE ACOSH DCOUNTA INT NORMSINV SMALL ADDRESS DDB INTERCEPT NOT SQRT AND DEGREES IPMT NOW STANDARDIZE AREAS DEVSQ IRR NPER STDEV ASIN DGET ISBLANK NPV STDEVP ASINH DMAX ISERR ODD STEYX ATAN DMIN ISERROR OFFSET SUBSTITUTE ATAN2 DOLLAR ISLOGICAL OR SUBTOTAL ATANH DPRODUCT ISNA PEARSON SUM AVEDEV DSTDEV ISNONTEXT PERCENTILE SUMIF AVERAGE DSTDEVP ISNUMBER PERCENTRANK SUMPRODUCT BETADIST DSUM ISREF PERMUT SUMSQ BETAINV DVAR ISTEXT PI SUMX2MY2 BINOMDIST DVARP KURT PMT SUMX2PY2 CALL ERROR.TYPE LARGE POISSON SUMXMY2 CEILING EVEN LEFT POWER SYD CELL EXACT LEN PPMT T CHAR EXP LINEST PROB TAN CHIDIST EXPONDIST LN PRODUCT TANH CHIINV FACT LOG PROPER TDIST CHITEST FALSE LOG10 PV TEXT CHOOSE FDIST LOGEST QUARTILE TIME CLEAN FIND LOGINV RADIANS TIMEVALUE CODE FINV LOGNORMDIST RAND TINV COLUMN FISHER LOOKUP RANK TODAY COLUMNS FISHERINV LOWER RATE TRANSPOSE COMBIN FIXED MATCH REGISTER.ID TREND CONCATENATE FLOOR MAX REPLACE TRIM CONFIDENCE FORECAST MDETERM REPT TRIMMEAN CORREL FREQUENCY MEDIAN RIGHT TRUE COS FTEST MID ROMAN TRUNC COSH FV MIN ROUND TTEST COUNT GAMMADIST MINUTE ROUNDDOWN TYPE COUNTA GAMMAINV MINVERSE ROUNDUP UPPER COUNTBLANK GAMMALN MIRR ROW VALUE COUNTIF GEOMEAN MMULT ROWS VAR COVAR GROWTH MOD RSQ VARP CRITBINOM HARMEAN MODE SEARCH VDB DATE HLOOKUP MONTH SECOND VLOOKUP DATEVALUE HOUR N SIGN WEEKDAY DAVERAGE HYPGEOMDIST NA SIN WEIBULL DAY IF NEGBINOMDIST SINH YEAR DAYS360 INDEX NORMDIST SKEW ZTEST Function names in other European languages will be supported in a later version of Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. For a general introduction to Excel's formulas and an explanation of the functions have a look at the Excel help files or the following links: http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?URL=/library/officedev/office97/s88f2.htm and http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?URL=/library/officedev/office97/s992f.htm If your formula doesn't work in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel try the following: 1. Verify that the formula works in Excel (or Gnumeric or OpenOffice). 2. Ensure that it isn't on the TODO list at the start of this section. 3. Ensure that cell references and cell names are in uppercase. 4. Ensure that you are using the U.S. style range and union operators. 5. Ensure the function is in the above table. If you go through steps 1-5 and you still have a problem, mail me. EXAMPLES ======== There are additional examples in the examples directory of the Spreadsheet::WriteExcel distro. Example 1 --------- The following example shows some of the basic features of Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. #!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel; # Create a new workbook called simple.xls and add a worksheet my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("simple.xls"); my $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet(); # The general syntax is write($row, $column, $token). Note that row and # column are zero indexed # Write some text $worksheet->write(0, 0, "Hi Excel!"); # Write some numbers $worksheet->write(2, 0, 3); # Writes 3 $worksheet->write(3, 0, 3.00000); # Writes 3 $worksheet->write(4, 0, 3.00001); # Writes 3.00001 $worksheet->write(5, 0, 3.14159); # TeX revision no.? # Write some formulas $worksheet->write(7, 0, '=A3 + A6'); $worksheet->write(8, 0, '=IF(A5>3,"Yes", "No")'); # Write a hyperlink $worksheet->write(10, 0, 'http://www.perl.com/'); Example 2 --------- The following is a general example which demonstrates some features of working with multiple worksheets. #!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel; # Create a new Excel workbook my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("regions.xls"); # Add some worksheets my $north = $workbook->addworksheet("North"); my $south = $workbook->addworksheet("South"); my $east = $workbook->addworksheet("East"); my $west = $workbook->addworksheet("West"); # Add a Format my $format = $workbook->addformat(); $format->set_bold(); $format->set_color('blue'); # Add a caption to each worksheet foreach my $worksheet (@{$workbook->worksheets()}) { $worksheet->write(0, 0, "Sales", $format); } # Write some data $north->write(0, 1, 200000); $south->write(0, 1, 100000); $east->write (0, 1, 150000); $west->write (0, 1, 100000); # Set the active worksheet $south->activate(); # Set the width of the first column $south->set_column(0, 0, 20); # Set the active cell $south->set_selection(0, 1); Example 3 --------- This example shows how to use a conditional numerical format with colours to indicate if a share price has gone up or down. use strict; use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel; # Create a new workbook and add a worksheet my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("stocks.xls"); my $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet(); # Set the column width for columns 1, 2, 3 and 4 $worksheet->set_column(0, 3, 15); # Create a format for the column headings my $header = $workbook->addformat(); $header->set_bold(); $header->set_size(12); $header->set_color('blue'); # Create a format for the stock price my $f_price = $workbook->addformat(); $f_price->set_align('left'); $f_price->set_num_format('$0.00'); # Create a format for the stock volume my $f_volume = $workbook->addformat(); $f_volume->set_align('left'); $f_volume->set_num_format('#,##0'); # Create a format for the price change. This is an example of a conditional # format. The number is formatted as a percentage. If it is positive it is # formatted in green, if it is negative it is formatted in red and if it is # zero it is formatted as the default font colour (in this case black). # Note: the [Green] format produces an unappealing lime green. Try # [Color 10] instead for a dark green. # my $f_change = $workbook->addformat(); $f_change->set_align('left'); $f_change->set_num_format('[Green]0.0%;[Red]-0.0%;0.0%'); # Write out the data $worksheet->write(0, 0, 'Company',$header); $worksheet->write(0, 1, 'Price', $header); $worksheet->write(0, 2, 'Volume', $header); $worksheet->write(0, 3, 'Change', $header); $worksheet->write(1, 0, 'Damage Inc.' ); $worksheet->write(1, 1, 30.25, $f_price ); # $30.25 $worksheet->write(1, 2, 1234567, $f_volume); # 1,234,567 $worksheet->write(1, 3, 0.085, $f_change); # 8.5% in green $worksheet->write(2, 0, 'Dump Corp.' ); $worksheet->write(2, 1, 1.56, $f_price ); # $1.56 $worksheet->write(2, 2, 7564, $f_volume); # 7,564 $worksheet->write(2, 3, -0.015, $f_change); # -1.5% in red $worksheet->write(3, 0, 'Rev Ltd.' ); $worksheet->write(3, 1, 0.13, $f_price ); # $0.13 $worksheet->write(3, 2, 321, $f_volume); # 321 $worksheet->write(3, 3, 0, $f_change); # 0 in the font color (black) Example 4 --------- The following is a simple example of using functions. #!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel; # Create a new workbook and add a worksheet my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("stats.xls"); my $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet('Test data'); # Set the column width for columns 1 $worksheet->set_column(0, 0, 20); # Create a format for the headings my $format = $workbook->addformat(); $format->set_bold(); # Write the sample data $worksheet->write(0, 0, 'Sample', $format); $worksheet->write(0, 1, 1); $worksheet->write(0, 2, 2); $worksheet->write(0, 3, 3); $worksheet->write(0, 4, 4); $worksheet->write(0, 5, 5); $worksheet->write(0, 6, 6); $worksheet->write(0, 7, 7); $worksheet->write(0, 8, 8); $worksheet->write(1, 0, 'Length', $format); $worksheet->write(1, 1, 25.4); $worksheet->write(1, 2, 25.4); $worksheet->write(1, 3, 24.8); $worksheet->write(1, 4, 25.0); $worksheet->write(1, 5, 25.3); $worksheet->write(1, 6, 24.9); $worksheet->write(1, 7, 25.2); $worksheet->write(1, 8, 24.8); # Write some statistical functions $worksheet->write(4, 0, 'Count', $format); $worksheet->write(4, 1, '=COUNT(B1:I1)'); $worksheet->write(5, 0, 'Sum', $format); $worksheet->write(5, 1, '=SUM(B2:I2)'); $worksheet->write(6, 0, 'Average', $format); $worksheet->write(6, 1, '=AVERAGE(B2:I2)'); $worksheet->write(7, 0, 'Min', $format); $worksheet->write(7, 1, '=MIN(B2:I2)'); $worksheet->write(8, 0, 'Max', $format); $worksheet->write(8, 1, '=MAX(B2:I2)'); $worksheet->write(9, 0, 'Standard Deviation', $format); $worksheet->write(9, 1, '=STDEV(B2:I2)'); $worksheet->write(10, 0, 'Kurtosis', $format); $worksheet->write(10, 1, '=KURT(B2:I2)'); Example 5 --------- The following example converts a tab separated file called `tab.txt' into an Excel file called `tab.xls'. #!/usr/bin/perl -w use strict; use Spreadsheet::WriteExcel; open (TABFILE, "tab.txt") or die "tab.txt: $!"; my $workbook = Spreadsheet::WriteExcel->new("tab.xls"); my $worksheet = $workbook->addworksheet(); # Row and column are zero indexed my $row = 0; while () { chomp; # Split on single tab my @Fld = split('\t', $_); my $col = 0; foreach my $token (@Fld) { $worksheet->write($row, $col, $token); $col++; } $row++; } LIMITATIONS =========== The following limits are imposed by Excel or the version of the BIFF file that has been implemented: Description Limit Source ----------------------------------- ------ ------- Maximum number of chars in a string 255 Excel 5 Maximum number of columns 256 Excel 5, 97 Maximum number of rows in Excel 5 16384 Excel 5 Maximum number of rows in Excel 97 65536 Excel 97 Note: the maximum row reference in a formula is the Excel 5 row limit of 16384. The minimum file size is 6K due to the OLE overhead. The maximum file size is approximately 7MB (7087104 bytes) of BIFF data. This can be extended by using Takanori Kawai's OLE::Storage_Lite module http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=OLE-Storage_Lite see the `big.pl' example in the examples directory of the distro. REQUIREMENTS ============ This module requires Perl 5.005 (or later) and Parse::RecDescent: http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Parse-RecDescent PORTABILITY =========== Spreadsheet::WriteExcel.pm will work on the majority of Windows, UNIX and Macintosh platforms. Specifically, the module will work on any system where perl packs floats in the 64 bit IEEE format. The float must also be in little-endian format but WriteExcel.pm will reverse it as necessary. Thus: print join(" ", map { sprintf "%#02x", $_ } unpack("C*", pack "d", 1.2345)), "\n"; should give (or in reverse order): 0x8d 0x97 0x6e 0x12 0x83 0xc0 0xf3 0x3f In general, if you don't know whether your system supports a 64 bit IEEE float or not, it probably does. If your system doesn't, WriteExcel will `croak()' with the message given in the `DIAGNOSTICS' in this node section. You can check which platforms the module has been tested on at the CPAN testers site: http://testers.cpan.org/search?request=dist&dist=Spreadsheet-WriteExcel DIAGNOSTICS =========== Filename required in WriteExcel('Filename') A filename must be given in the constructor. Can't open filename. It may be in use. The file cannot be opened for writing. The directory that you are writing to may be protected or the file may be in use by another program. Required floating point format not supported on this platform. Operating system doesn't support 64 bit IEEE float or it is byte-ordered in a way unknown to WriteExcel. Unable to create tmp files via IO::File->new_tmpfile(). This is a -w warning. You will see it if you are using Spreadsheet::WriteExcel in an environment where temporary files cannot be created, in which case all data will be stored in memory. The warning is for information only: it does not affect execution but it may effect the speed of execution for large files. Maximum file size, 7087104, exceeded. The current OLE implementation only supports a maximum BIFF file of this size. This limit can be extended, see the `LIMITATIONS' in this node section. Can't locate Parse/RecDescent.pm in @INC ... Spreadsheet::WriteExcel requires the Parse::RecDescent module. Download it from CPAN: http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Parse-RecDescent Couldn't parse formula ... There are a large number of warnings which relate to badly formed formulas and functions. See the `FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL' in this node section for suggestions on how to avoid these errors. THE EXCEL BINARY FORMAT ======================= Excel data is stored in the "Binary Interchange File Format" (BIFF) file format. Details of this format are given in the Excel SDK, the "Excel Developer's Kit" from Microsoft Press. It is also included in the MSDN CD library but is no longer available on the MSDN website. An older version of the BIFF documentation is available at http://www.cubic.org/source/archive/fileform/misc/excel.txt Issues relating to the Excel SDK are discussed, occasionally, at news://microsoft.public.excel.sdk The BIFF portion of the Excel file is comprised of contiguous binary records that have different functions and that hold different types of data. Each BIFF record is comprised of the following three parts: Record name; Hex identifier, length = 2 bytes Record length; Length of following data, length = 2 bytes Record data; Data, length = variable The BIFF data is stored along with other data in an OLE Compound File. This is a structured storage which acts like a file system within a file. A Compound File is comprised of storages and streams which, to follow the file system analogy, are like directories and files. The documentation for the OLE::Storage module, http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~schwartz/pmh/guide.html , contains one of the few descriptions of the OLE Compound File in the public domain. For a open source implementation of the OLE library see the 'cole' library at http://arturo.directmail.org/filtersweb/ The source code for the Excel plugin of the Gnumeric spreadsheet also contains information relevant to the Excel BIFF format and the OLE container, http://www.gnumeric.org/gnumeric In addition the source code for OpenOffice is available at http://www.openoffice.org/ An article describing Spreadsheet::WriteExcel and how it works appears in Issue #19 of The Perl Journal, http://www.itknowledge.com/tpj/ It is reproduced, by kind permission, in the doc directory of the distro. Please note that the provision of this information does not constitute an invitation to start hacking at the BIFF or OLE file formats. There are more interesting ways to waste your time. ;-) WRITING EXCEL FILES =================== Depending on your requirements, background and general sensibilities you may prefer one of the following methods of getting data into Excel: * CSV, comma separated variables or text. If the file extension is csv, Excel will open and convert this format automatically. Generating a valid CSV file isn't as easy as it seems. Have a look at the DBD::RAM, DBD::CSV and Text::CSV_XS modules. * DBI with DBD::ADO or DBD::ODBC. Excel files contain an internal index table that allows them to act like a database file. Using one of the standard Perl database modules you can connect to an Excel file as a database. * Win32::OLE module and office automation. This requires a Windows platform and an installed copy of Excel. This is the most powerful and complete method for interfacing with Excel. See http://velocity.activestate.com/docs/ActivePerl/site/lib/Win32/OLE/TPJ.html , http://velocity.activestate.com/docs/ActivePerl/faq/Windows/ActivePerl-Winfaq12.html and http://velocity.activestate.com/docs/ActivePerl/site/lib/Win32/OLE.html If your main platform is UNIX but you have the resources to set up a separate Win32/MSOffice server, you can convert office documents to text, postscript or PDF using Win32::OLE. For a demonstration of how to do this using Perl see Docserver: http://search.cpan.org/search?mode=module&query=docserver * HTML tables. This is an easy way of adding formatting. * XML, the Excel XML and HTML file specification are available from http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/officedev/ofxml2k/ofxml2k.htm READING EXCEL FILES =================== To read data from Excel files try: * Spreadsheet::ParseExcel. This uses the OLE::Storage-Lite module to extract data from an Excel file. http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=Spreadsheet-ParseExcel * OLE::Storage, aka LAOLA. This is a Perl interface to OLE file formats. In particular, the distro contains an Excel to HTML converter called Herbert, http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~schwartz/pmh/ There is also an open source C/C++ project based on the LAOLA work. Try the Filters Project http://arturo.directmail.org/filtersweb/ and the Excel to HTML converter at the xlHtml Project http://www.xlhtml.org/ * HTML tables. If the files are saved from Excel in a HTML format the data can be accessed using HTML::TableExtract http://search.cpan.org/search?dist=HTML-TableExtract * DBI with DBD::ADO or DBD::ODBC. See, the section `WRITING EXCEL FILES' in this node. * Win32::OLE module and office automation. See, the section `WRITING EXCEL FILES' in this node. If you wish to view Excel files on a UNIX/Linux platform check out the excellent Gnumeric spreadsheet application at http://www.gnumeric.org/gnumeric or OpenOffice at http://www.openoffice.org/ If you wish to view Excel files on a Windows platform which doesn't have Excel installed you can use the free Microsoft Excel Viewer http://officeupdate.microsoft.com/2000/downloaddetails/xlviewer.htm BUGS ==== Orange isn't. Formulas are formulae. OpenOffice: Numerical formats are not displayed due to some missing records in Spreadsheet::WriteExcel. Someone with a good knowledge of C++, and possibly of German, might help me to track this down in the OpenOffice source. URLs are not displayed as links. Gnumeric: Some formatting is not displayed correctly. URLs are not displayed as links. MS Access: The Excel files that are produced by this module are not compatible with MS Access. Use DBI or ODBC instead. QuickView: If you wish to write files that are fully compatible with QuickView it is necessary to write the cells in a sequential row by row order. The lack of a portable way of writing a little-endian 64 bit IEEE float. TO DO ===== Read a book, see a film or two. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ================ The following people contributed to the debugging and testing of Spreadsheet::WriteExcel: Arthur@ais, Artur Silveira da Cunha, Cedric Bouvier, CPAN testers, Daniel Gardner, Harold Bamford, James Holmes, Johan Ekenberg, John Wren, Kenneth Stacey, Michael Buschauer, Mike Blazer, Paul J. Falbe, Paul Medynski, Shenyu Zheng, Rich Sorden. The following people contributed code or examples: Andrew Benham, Marco Geri, Sam Kington, Takanori Kawai. Thanks to Damian Conway for the excellent Parse::RecDescent. Thanks to Michael Meeks for Gnumeric. AUTHOR ====== John McNamara jmcnamara@cpan.org Lana Turner has collapsed! I was trotting along and suddenly it started raining and snowing and you said it was hailing but hailing hits you on the head hard so it was really snowing and raining and I was in such a hurry to meet you but the traffic was acting exactly like the sky and suddenly I see a headline LANA TURNER HAS COLLAPSED! there is no snow in Hollywood there is no rain in California I have been to lots of parties and acted perfectly disgraceful but I never actually collapsed oh Lana Turner we love you get up --Frank O'Hara COPYRIGHT ========= © MM-MMI, John McNamara. All Rights Reserved. This module is free software. It may be used, redistributed and/or modified under the same terms as Perl itself.