AN34 Table of Contents

Errata	Obsolete Model Replacements
	Safe Handling of Radioactive Sources
Experiment 1 1.1 1.2 1.3	Basic Identification in Electronic Measurement Systems Observing the Direct and Attenuated Outputs of the Pulser Using the Pulser as the Linear Input to a Typical Counting System Using a Single-Channel Analyzer
Experiment 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6	Geiger Counting Operating Plateau for the Geiger Tube Half-Life Determination Resolving-Time Corrections for the Geiger Counter Linear Absorption Coefficient Inverse Square Law Counting Statistics
Experiment 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10	Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Using NaI(Tl) Energy Calibration Energy Analysis of an Unknown Gamma Source Spectrum Analysis of 60Co and 137Cs Energy Resolution Activity of a Gamma Emitter (Relative Method) Activity of a Gamma Emitter (Absolute Method) Mass Absorption Coefficient The Linear Gate in Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Sum Peak Analysis Photoelectric Absorption
Experiment 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6	Alpha Spectroscopy with Surface Barrier Detectors Simple Alpha Spectrum and Energy Calibration with a Pulser Energy Determination of an Unknown Alpha Source Energy Calibration with Two Alpha Sources Absolute Activity of an Alpha Source Spectrum Expansion with a Biased Amplifier Decay Ratios for 241Am
Experiment 5 5.1 5.2	Energy Loss of Charged Particles (Alphas) dE/dx for Alpha Particles in Copper Foil dE/dx for Alpha Particles in Gas
Experiment 6 6.1 6.2 6.3	Beta Spectroscopy Calibration with a Pulser Beta End-Point Determination for 204Tl Conversion Electron Ratios
Experiment 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4	High-Resolution Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy Energy Resolution with an HPGe Detector Photopeak Efficiency for HPGe Detectors Escape Peaks and Efficiency for HPGe Detectors The Response of HPGe Detectors to High-Energy Gammas
Experiment 8 8.1 8.2 8.3	High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy Energy Calibration with a Pulser Efficiency Measurements and Energy Calibration with Standard X-Ray Sources Mass Absorption Coefficient for X Rays
Experiment 9 9.1 9.2 9.3	Time Coincidence Techniques and Absolute Activity Measurements Simple Fast Coincidence Fast Coincidence and the Time-to-Amplitude Converter Determination of Absolute Activity by the Coincidence Method
Experiment 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4	Compton Scattering Simple Compton Scattering (Energy Determination) Simple Compton Scattering (Cross-Section Determination) Compton Scattering (Coincidence Method) Compton Scattering (Electron Recoil Energy)
Experiment 11 11.1 11.2	The Proportional Counter and Low-Energy X-Ray Measurements Energy Calibration Mass Absorption Coefficient for Low-Energy X Rays
Experiment 12 12.1 12.2	X-Ray Fluorescence X-Ray Fluorescence with a Proportional Counter X-Ray Fluorescence with a Si(Li) Detector
Experiment 13 13.1 13.2 13.3	Gamma-Gamma Coincidence Overlap Coincidence Method for Measuring Gamma-Gamma Coincidence of 22Na Linear Gate Method for Measuring Gamma-Gamma Coincidence of 22Na Time-to-Amplitude Converter Method for Measuring Gamma-Gamma Coincidence of 22Na
Experiment 14 14.1 14.2 14.3	Nuclear Lifetimes and the Coincidence Method Lifetime Measurement of the 14-keV State in 57Fe Using the TAC Method Lifetime Measurement of the 14-keV State in 57Fe Using the Delayed Coincidence Method Alternate Detectors to be Used with the Electronics in Experiments 14.1 and 14.2
Experiment 15 15.1 15.2	Rutherford Scattering of Alphas from Thin Gold Foil The Rutherford Cross Section The Z22 Dependence of the Rutherford Cross Section
Experiment 16	The Total Neutron Cross Section and Measurement of the Nuclear Radius
Experiment 17 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7	Neutron Activation Analysis (Slow Neutrons) Neutron Flux Determination Measurement of the Thermal Neutron Cross Section for the 51V(n, g) 52V Reaction Determination of the Half-Life for the 27Al (n, g) 28Al Reaction The Saturation Factor in Neutron Activation Analysis The Study of a Complex Sample with Two Half-Lives Present Thermal Neutron Shielding The Measurement of Thermal Neutron Activation Cross Sections of Elements with High Sensitivity Ratios
Experiment 18 18.1 18.2	Neutron Activation Analysis (Fast Neutron) Gammas and Half-Lives from (n, p) Reactions Optional (n, p) Reactions that can be Studied
Experiment 19 19.1 19.2	A Study of the Decay Scheme and Angular Correlation of 60Co Verification of the Gamma-Gamma Coincidence of 60Co Angular Correlation of 60Co
Experiment 20	A Study of the Decay Scheme of 244Cm by an Alpha X-Ray Coincidence Experiment
Experiment 21 21.1 21.2 21.3	Alpha-Induced Innershell Ionization Studies with an 241Am Source Innershell Ionization Induced by Alpha Particles Efficiency of the Si(Li) Detector The Innershell Ionization Measurements
Experiment 22 22.1 22.2 22.3	Measurements in Radiation Biology Geometrical Considerations in Radiobiological and Medical Experiments 131I Uptake Studies in Rats Translocation of Radio-Phosphorus in Plants
Experiment 23 23.1 23.2 23.3	Nuclear Techniques in Environmental Studies A Study of Environmental Samples by Tube-Excited Fluorescence Analysis A Study of Environmental Samples by Source-Excited Fluroescence Analysis A Study of Environmental Samples Using Neutron Activation Analysis and High-Resolution Gamma Spectroscopy
Experiment 24 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7	Measurements in Health Physics Gamma Intensity as a Function of Distance Gamma Intensity Measured with a Geiger Counter Shielding Effectiveness of Different Materials for Gammas Attenuation of Betas in Aluminum by the Geiger Mueller Method Attenuation of Betas in Aluminum by the Surface Barrier Detector Method A Study of Paraffin as a Neutron Shielding Material A Study of Lead as a Neutron Shielding Material
Experiment 25 25.1 25.2	Time-of-Flight Spectroscopy Alpha Particle Time-of-Flight and Energy Loss Measurements Gamma Ray Time-of-Flight and the Speed of Light
Experiment 26 26.1	Fission Fragment Energy Loss Measurements from 252Cf Energy Calibration for Fission Fragments
Appendix	Linear and Logic Signal Standards in ORTEC NIM Instruments Equipment and Supplies Identified by Code Glossary Relative Sensitivities of Elements to Thermal Neutron Activation X-Ray Critical-Absorption and Emission Energies in keV