|
Options are processed in command line order. Any option you specify on
the command line remains in effect for the set of images that follows,
until the set is terminated by the appearance of any option or -noop.
Some options only affect the decoding of images and others only the encoding.
The latter can appear after the final group of input images.
This is a combined list of the commandline options used by the ImageMagick
utilities (animate, composite, convert, display, identify,
import, mogrify and montage).
In this document, angle brackets ("<>") enclose variables and curly
brackets ("{}") enclose optional parameters. For example,
"-fuzz <distance>{%}" means you can use the
option "-fuzz 10"
or "-fuzz 2%".
|
-adjoin
|
| join images into a single multi-image file |
|
By default, all images of an image sequence are stored in the same
file. However, some formats (e.g. JPEG) do not support more than one image
and are saved to separate files. Use +adjoin to force this
behavior.
|
|
-affine <matrix>
|
|
This option provides a transform matrix {sx,rx,ry,sy,tx,ty} for
use by subsequent -draw or -transform options.
|
|
-antialias
|
|
By default antialiasing algorithms are used when drawing objects (e.g. lines)
or rendering vector formats (e.g. WMF and Postscript). Use +antialias to
disable use of antialiasing algorithms. Reasons to disable antialiasing
|
include avoiding increasing colors in the image, or improving rendering speed.
|
-append
|
|
This option creates a single image where the images in the original set
are stacked top-to-bottom. If they are not of the same width,
any narrow images will be expanded to fit using the background color.
Use +append to stack images left-to-right. The set of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -append
option appears after all of the input images, all images are appended.
|
|
-authenticate <string>
|
| decrypt image with this password |
|
Use this option to supply a password for decrypting an image or an
image sequence, if it is being read from a format such as PDF that supports
encryption. Encrypting images being written is not supported. |
|
-average
|
|
The set of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -average
option appears after all of the input images, all images are averaged. |
|
-backdrop <color>
|
| display the image centered on a backdrop. |
|
This backdrop covers the entire workstation screen and is useful for hiding
other X window activity while viewing the image. The color of the backdrop
is specified as the background color.
The color is specified using the format described in the "Color Names"
section of X(1).
Refer to
X Resources
for details.
|
|
-background <color>
|
|
The color is specified using the format described in the "Color Names"
section of X(1). |
|
-blue-primary <x>,<y>
|
| blue chromaticity primary point |
|
-blur <radius>{x<sigma>}
|
| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
|
Blur with the given radius and
standard deviation (sigma).
|
|
-border <width>x<height>
|
| surround the image with a border of color |
|
See -geometry for details
about the geometry specification.
|
|
-bordercolor <color>
|
|
The color is specified using the format described in the "Color Names"
section of X(1). |
|
-borderwidth <geometry>
|
|
-box <color>
|
| set the color of the annotation bounding box |
|
The color is specified using the format described in the "Color Names"
section of X(1). |
|
See -draw for further
details.
|
|
-cache <threshold>
|
| (This option has been replaced by the -limit option) |
|
-channel <type>
|
|
Choose from: Red, Green, Blue, Opacity,
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, or Black.
|
|
Use this option to extract a particular channel from the image.
Matte,
for example, is useful for extracting the opacity values from an image.
|
|
-charcoal <factor>
|
| simulate a charcoal drawing |
|
-chop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| remove pixels from the interior of an image |
|
Width and height give the number of columns and rows to remove,
and x and y are offsets that give the location of the
leftmost column and topmost row to remove.
|
|
The x offset normally specifies the leftmost column to remove.
If the -gravity option is present with NorthEast, East,
or SouthEast
gravity, it gives the distance leftward from the right edge
of the image to the rightmost column to remove. Similarly, the y offset
normally specifies the topmost row to remove, but if
the -gravity option is present with SouthWest, South,
or SouthEast
gravity, it specifies the distance upward from the bottom edge of the
image to the bottom row to remove. |
|
The -chop option removes entire rows and columns,
and moves the remaining corner blocks leftward and upward to close the gaps.
|
|
-clip
|
| apply the clipping path, if one is present |
|
If a clipping path is present, it will be applied to subsequent operations. |
|
For example, if you type the following command: |
convert -clip -negate cockatoo.tif negated.tif
|
only the pixels within the clipping path are negated. |
|
The -clip feature requires the XML library. If the XML library
is not present, the option is ignored. |
|
-coalesce
|
| merge a sequence of images |
|
Each image N in the sequence after Image 0 is replaced with the image
created by flattening images 0 through N. |
|
The set of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -coalesce
option appears after all of the input images, all images are coalesced. |
|
-colorize <value>
|
| colorize the image with the pen color |
|
Specify the amount of colorization as a percentage. You can apply separate
colorization values to the red, green, and blue channels of the image with
a colorization value list delimited with slashes (e.g. 0/0/50).
|
|
-colormap <type>
|
|
Choose between shared or private.
|
|
This option only applies when the default X server visual is PseudoColor
or GRAYScale. Refer to -visual for more details. By default,
a shared colormap is allocated. The image shares colors with other X clients.
Some image colors could be approximated, therefore your image may look
very different than intended. Choose Private and the image colors
appear exactly as they are defined. However, other clients may
go technicolor when the image colormap is installed. |
|
-colors <value>
|
| preferred number of colors in the image |
|
The actual number of colors in the image may be less than your request,
but never more. Note, this is a color reduction option. Images with less
unique colors than specified with this option will have any duplicate or
unused colors removed. Refer to quantize for
more details.
|
|
Note, options -dither, -colorspace, and -treedepth
affect the color reduction algorithm.
|
|
-colorspace <value>
|
|
Choices are: GRAY, OHTA, RGB,
Transparent,
XYZ,
YCbCr, YIQ, YPbPr,
YUV, or CMYK.
|
|
Color reduction, by default, takes place in the RGB color space. Empirical
evidence suggests that distances in color spaces such as YUV or YIQ correspond
to perceptual color differences more closely than do distances in RGB space.
These color spaces may give better results when color reducing an image.
Refer to quantize for more details.
|
|
The Transparent color space behaves uniquely in that it preserves
the matte channel of the image if it exists.
|
|
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this
option to take effect.
|
|
-comment <string>
|
| annotate an image with a comment |
|
Use this option to assign a specific comment to the image, when writing
to an image format that supports comments. You can include the
image filename, type, width, height, or other image attribute by embedding
special format characters listed under the -format option.
The comment is not drawn on the image, but is embedded in the image
datastream via a "Comment" tag or similar mechanism. If you want the
comment to be visible on the image itself, use the -draw option.
|
-comment "%m:%f %wx%h"
|
produces an image comment of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
|
|
If the first character of string is @, the image comment
is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
|
|
-compose <operator>
|
| the type of image composition |
|
By default, each of the composite image pixels are replaced by the
corresponding image tile pixel. You can choose an alternate composite
operation:
|
Over
In
Out
Atop
Xor
Plus
Minus
Add
Subtract
Difference
Multiply
Bumpmap
Copy
CopyRed
CopyGreen
CopyBlue
CopyOpacity
|
How each operator behaves is described below.
|
- Over
-
The result will be the union of the two image shapes, with opaque areas of
composite image obscuring image in the region of overlap.
- In
-
The result is simply composite image cut by the shape
of image.
None of the image data of image will be in the result.
- Out
-
The resulting image is composite image with the shape
of image cut out.
- Atop
-
The result is the same shape as image image,
with composite image
obscuring image where the image shapes overlap. Note this differs
from over because the portion of composite image outside
image's shape does not appear in the result.
- Xor
-
The result is the image data from both composite image and
image
that is outside the overlap region. The overlap region will be blank.
- Plus
-
The result is just the sum of the image data. Output values are
cropped to 255 (no overflow). This operation is independent of the
matte channels.
- Minus
-
The result of composite image - image, with underflow
cropped to
zero. The matte channel is ignored (set to 255, full coverage).
- Add
-
The result of composite image + image, with overflow wrapping
around (mod 256).
- Subtract
-
The result of composite image - image, with underflow wrapping
around (mod 256). The add and subtract operators can be
used to perform reversible transformations.
- Difference
-
The result of abs(composite image - image). This is useful
for comparing two very similar images.
- Multiply
-
The result of composite image * image. This is useful for
the creation of drop-shadows.
- Bumpmap
-
The result image shaded by composite image.
- Copy
-
The resulting image is image replaced with composite image.
Here the matte information is ignored.
- CopyRed
-
The resulting image is the red layer in image replaced with the red
layer in composite image. The other layers are copied untouched.
- CopyGreen
-
The resulting image is the green layer in image replaced with the green
layer in composite image. The other layers are copied untouched.
- CopyBlue
-
The resulting image is the blue layer in image replaced with the blue
layer in composite image. The other layers are copied untouched.
- CopyOpacity
-
The resulting image is the matte layer in image replaced with the matte
layer in composite image. The other layers are copied untouched.
|
The image compositor requires a matte, or alpha channel in the image
for some operations. This extra channel usually defines a mask which
represents a sort of a cookie-cutter for the image. This is the case
when matte is 255 (full coverage) for pixels inside the shape, zero
outside, and between zero and 255 on the boundary. For certain
operations, if image does not have a matte channel, it is initialized
with 0 for any pixel matching in color to pixel location (0,0), otherwise
255 (to work properly borderwidth must be 0).
|
|
-compress <type>
|
| the type of image compression |
|
Choices are: None, BZip, Fax,
Group4,
JPEG, Lossless,
LZW, RLE or Zip.
|
|
Specify +compress to store the binary image in an uncompressed format.
The default is the compression type of the specified image file.
|
|
If LZW compression is specified but LZW compression has not been enabled,
the image data will be written
in an uncompressed LZW format that can be read by LZW decoders. This
may result in larger-than-expected GIF files. |
|
"Lossless" refers to lossless JPEG, which is only available if
the JPEG library has been patched to support it. |
|
Use the -quality option to set the compression level to be used by
JPEG, PNG, MIFF, and MPEG encoders. Use the -sampling-factor
option to set the sampling factor to be used by JPEG, MPEG, and YUV encoders
for downsampling the chroma channels. |
|
-contrast
|
| enhance or reduce the image contrast |
|
This option enhances the intensity differences between the lighter and
darker elements of the image. Use -contrast to enhance
the image
or +contrast to reduce the image contrast.
|
|
For a more pronounced effect you can repeat the option: |
convert rose: -contrast -contrast rose_c2.png
|
-convolve <kernel>
|
| convolve image with the specified convolution kernel |
|
The kernel is specified as a comma-separated list of integers, ordered
left-to right, starting with the top row.
The order of the kernel is determined by the square root of the
number of entries. Presently only square kernels are supported. |
|
-crop <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}
|
| preferred size and location of the cropped image |
|
See -geometry for details
about the geometry specification.
|
|
The width and height give the size of the image that remains after cropping,
and x and y are offsets that give the location of the top left
corner of the cropped
image with respect to the original image. To specify the amount to be
removed, use -shave instead.
|
|
To specify a percentage width or height to be removed instead, append
%. For example
to crop the image by ten percent (five percent on each side of the image),
use -crop 10%.
|
|
If the x and y offsets are present, a single image is
generated, consisting of the pixels from the cropping region.
The offsets specify the location of the upper left corner of
the cropping region measured downward and rightward with respect to the
upper left corner of the image.
If the -gravity option is present with NorthEast, East,
or SouthEast
gravity, it gives the distance leftward from the right edge
of the image to the right edge of the cropping region. Similarly, if
the -gravity option is present with SouthWest, South,
or SouthEast
gravity, the distance is measured upward between the bottom
edges. |
|
If the x and y offsets are omitted, a set of tiles of the
specified geometry, covering the entire input image, is generated. The
rightmost tiles and the bottom tiles are smaller if the
specified geometry extends beyond the dimensions of the input image.
|
|
-cycle <amount>
|
| displace image colormap by amount |
|
Amount defines the number of positions each colormap entry is
shifted.
|
|
-debug <events>
|
|
The events parameter specifies which events are to be logged. It
can be either None, All, or a comma-separated list
consisting of one or more of the following domains: Annotate,
Blob, Cache, Coder, Configure,
Locale, Render, Resource, Transform,
X11, or User.
For example, to log cache and blob events, use |
convert -debug "Cache,Blob" rose: rose.png
|
The "User" domain is normally empty, but developers can log "User" events
in their private copy of ImageMagick. |
|
Use the -log option to specify the format for debugging output. |
|
Use +debug to turn off all logging. |
|
-deconstruct
|
| break down an image sequence into constituent parts |
|
This option compares each image with the next in a sequence and
returns the maximum bounding region of any pixel differences it discovers.
This method can undo a coalesced sequence returned by the
-coalesce option, and is useful for removing redundant information
from a GIF or MNG animation. |
|
The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -deconstruct
option appears after all of the input images, all images are deconstructed. |
|
-delay <1/100ths of a second>
|
| display the next image after pausing |
|
This option is useful for regulating the animation of image sequences
Delay/100 seconds must expire before the display
of the next image. The default is no delay between each showing of the
image sequence. The maximum delay is 65535.
|
|
You can specify a delay range (e.g. -delay 10-500) which sets the
minimum and maximum delay.
|
|
-density <width>x<height>
|
| vertical and horizontal resolution in pixels of the image |
|
This option specifies an image density when decoding a PostScript
or Portable Document page. The default is 72 dots per inch in the horizontal
and vertical direction. This option is used in concert with -page.
|
|
-depth <value>
|
|
This is the number of bits in a color sample within a pixel. The only
acceptable values are 8 or 16. Use this option to specify the depth of
raw images whose depth is unknown such as GRAY, RGB, or CMYK, or to change
the depth of any image after it has been read.
|
|
-descend
|
| obtain image by descending window hierarchy |
|
-despeckle
|
| reduce the speckles within an image |
|
-displace <horizontal scale>x<vertical scale>
|
| shift image pixels as defined by a displacement map |
|
With this option, composite image is used as a displacement map. Black,
within the displacement map, is a maximum positive displacement. White is a
maximum negative displacement and middle gray is neutral. The displacement
is scaled to determine the pixel shift. By default, the displacement applies
in both the horizontal and vertical directions. However, if you specify
mask, composite image is the horizontal X displacement and
mask the vertical Y displacement.
|
|
-display <host:display[.screen]>
|
| specifies the X server to contact |
|
This option is used with convert for
obtaining image or font from this X server. See X(1).
|
|
-dispose <method>
|
|
The Disposal Method indicates the way in which the graphic is to
be treated after being displayed. |
|
Here are the valid methods:
|
Undefined No disposal specified.
None Do not dispose between frames.
Background Overwrite the image area with
the background color.
Previous Overwrite the image area with
what was there prior to rendering
the image.
|
-dissolve <percent>
|
| dissolve an image into another by the given percent |
|
The opacity of the composite image is multiplied by the given percent,
then it is composited over the main image. |
|
-dither
|
| apply Floyd/Steinberg error diffusion to the image |
|
The basic strategy of dithering is to trade intensity resolution for spatial
resolution by averaging the intensities of several neighboring pixels.
Images which suffer from severe contouring when reducing colors can be
improved with this option.
|
|
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option
to take effect.
|
|
Use +dither to turn off dithering and to render PostScript without
text or graphic aliasing.
|
|
-draw <string>
|
| annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives |
|
Use this option to annotate an image with one or more graphic primitives.
The primitives include shapes, text, transformations,
and pixel operations. The shape primitives are
|
point x,y
line x0,y0 x1,y1
rectangle x0,y0 x1,y1
roundRectangle x0,y0 x1,y1 wc,hc
arc x0,y0 x1,y1 a0,a1
ellipse x0,y0 rx,ry a0,a1
circle x0,y0 x1,y1
polyline x0,y0 ... xn,yn
polygon x0,y0 ... xn,yn
Bezier x0,y0 ... xn,yn
path path specification
image operator x0,y0 w,h filename
text x0,y0 string
|
The text gravity primitive is
gravity NorthWest, North, NorthEast, West, Center,
East, SouthWest, South, or SouthEast
|
The text gravity primitive only affects the placement of text and
does not interact with the other primitives. It is equivalent to
using the -gravity commandline option, except that it is
limited in scope to the -draw option in which it appears.
|
The transformation primitives are
|
rotate degrees
translate dx,dy
scale sx,sy
skewX degrees
skewY degrees
|
The pixel operation primitives are
|
color x0,y0 method
matte x0,y0 method
|
The shape primitives are drawn in the color specified in the preceding
-stroke option. Except for the line and point
primitives, they are filled with the color specified in the preceding
-fill option. For unfilled shapes, use -fill none | .
|
Point requires a single coordinate. |
|
Line requires a start and end coordinate. |
|
Rectangle
expects an upper left and lower right coordinate. |
|
RoundRectangle has the upper left and lower right coordinates
and the width and height of the corners. |
|
Circle has a center coordinate and a coordinate for
the outer edge. |
|
Use Arc to circumscribe an arc within
a rectangle. Arcs require a start and end point as well as the degree
of rotation (e.g. 130,30 200,100 45,90). |
|
Use Ellipse to draw a partial ellipse
centered at the given point with the x-axis and y-axis radius
and start and end of arc in degrees (e.g. 100,100 100,150 0,360). |
|
Finally, polyline and polygon require
three or more coordinates to define its boundaries.
Coordinates are integers separated by an optional comma. For example,
to define a circle centered at 100,100
that extends to 150,150 use:
|
-draw 'circle 100,100 150,150'
|
Paths
(See Paths)
represent an outline of an object which is defined in terms of
moveto (set a new current point), lineto (draw a straight line),
curveto (draw a curve using a cubic Bezier), arc (elliptical or
circular arc) and closepath (close the current shape by drawing a line
to the last moveto) elements. Compound paths (i.e., a path with
subpaths, each consisting of a single moveto followed by one or more
line or curve operations) are possible to allow effects such as
"donut holes" in objects.
|
|
Use image to composite an image with another image. Follow the
image keyword with the composite operator, image location, image size,
and filename:
|
-draw 'image Over 100,100 225,225 image.jpg'
|
You can use 0,0 for the image size, which means to use the actual
dimensions found in the image header. Otherwise, it will
be scaled to the given dimensions.
See -compose for a description of the composite operators.
|
|
Use text to annotate an image with text. Follow the text coordinates
with a string. If the string has embedded spaces, enclose it in double
quotes. Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height,
or other image attribute by embedding special format character.
See -comment for details.
|
-draw 'text 100,100 "%m:%f %wx%h"'
|
annotates the image with MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled
bird.miff
and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
|
|
If the first character of string is @, the text is read from
a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
|
|
Rotate rotates subsequent shape primitives and text primitives about
the origen of the main image. If the -region option precedes the
-draw option, the origen for transformations is the upper left
corner of the region. |
|
Translate translates them. |
|
SkewX and SkewY skew them with respect to the origen of
the main image or the region. |
|
The transformations modify the current affine matrix, which is initialized
from the initial affine matrix defined by the -affine option.
Transformations are cumulative within the -draw option.
The initial affine matrix is not affected; that matrix is only changed by the
appearance of another -affine option. If another -draw
option appears, the current affine matrix is reinitialized from
the initial affine matrix.
|
|
Use color to change the color of a pixel to the fill color (see
-fill). Follow the pixel coordinate
with a method:
|
point
replace
floodfill
filltoborder
reset
|
Consider the target pixel as that specified by your coordinate. The
point
method recolors the target pixel. The replace method recolors any
pixel that matches the color of the target pixel.
Floodfill recolors
any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel and is a neighbor,
whereas filltoborder recolors any neighbor pixel that is not the
border color. Finally, reset recolors all pixels.
|
|
Use matte to the change the pixel matte value to transparent. Follow
the pixel coordinate with a method (see the color primitive for
a description of methods). The point method changes the matte value
of the target pixel. The replace method changes the matte value
of any pixel that matches the color of the target pixel. Floodfill
changes the matte value of any pixel that matches the color of the target
pixel and is a neighbor, whereas
filltoborder changes the matte
value of any neighbor pixel that is not the border color (-bordercolor).
Finally reset changes the matte value of all pixels.
|
|
You can set the primitive color, font, and font bounding box
color with
-fill, -font, and -box respectively. Options
are processed in command line order so be sure to use these
options before the -draw option.
|
|
-edge <radius>
|
| detect edges within an image |
|
-emboss <radius>
|
|
-encoding <type>
|
| specify the text encoding |
|
Choose from AdobeCustom, AdobeExpert, AdobeStandard, AppleRoman,
BIG5, GB2312, Latin 2, None, SJIScode, Symbol, Unicode, Wansung.
|
|
-endian <type>
|
| specify endianness (MSB or LSB) of output image |
|
Use +endian to revert to unspecified endianness.
|
|
-enhance
|
| apply a digital filter to enhance a noisy image |
|
-equalize
|
| perform histogram equalization to the image |
|
-fill <color>
|
| color to use when filling a graphic primitive |
|
The color is specified using the format described in the "Color Names"
section of X(1). |
|
See -draw for further
details.
|
|
-filter <type>
|
| use this type of filter when resizing an image |
|
Use this option to affect the resizing operation of an image (see
-geometry).
Choose from these filters:
|
Point
Box
Triangle
Hermite
Hanning
Hamming
Blackman
Gaussian
Quadratic
Cubic
Catrom
Mitchell
Lanczos
Bessel
Sinc
|
The default filter is Lanczos
|
|
-flatten
|
| flatten a sequence of images |
|
The sequence of images is replaced by a single image created by composing each
image after the first over the first image. |
|
The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -flatten
option appears after all of the input images, all images are flattened. |
|
-flip
|
|
reflect the scanlines in the vertical direction.
|
|
-flop
|
|
reflect the scanlines in the horizontal direction.
|
|
-font <name>
|
| use this font when annotating the image with text |
|
You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType, or OPTION1
font. For example, Arial.ttf is a TrueType font, ps:helvetica
is PostScript, and x:fixed is OPTION1.
|
|
-foreground <color>
|
| define the foreground color |
|
The color is specified using the format described in the "Color Names"
section of X(1). |
|
-format <type>
|
|
When used with the mogrify utility,
this option will convert any image to the image format you specify.
See ImageMagick(1) for a list of image format types supported by
ImageMagick.
|
|
By default the file is written to its original name. However, if the
filename extension matches a supported format, the extension is replaced
with the image format type specified with -format. For example,
if you specify tiff as the format type and the input image
filename is image.gif, the output image filename becomes
image.tiff.
|
|
-format <string>
|
| output formatted image characteristics |
|
When used with the identify utility,
use this option to print information about the image in a format of your
choosing. You can include the image filename, type, width, height,
Exif data, or other image attributes by embedding special format
characters: |
%b file size
%c comment
%d directory
%e filename extension
%f filename
%h height
%i input filename
%k number of unique colors
%l label
%m magick
%n number of scenes
%o output filename
%p page number
%q quantum depth
%s scene number
%t top of filename
%u unique temporary filename
%w width
%x x resolution
%y y resolution
%# signature
\n newline
\r carriage return
-format "%m:%f %wx%h"
|
displays MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480. |
|
If the first character of string is @, the format
is read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string. |
|
You can also use the following special formatting syntax to print Exif
information contained in the file: |
%[EXIF:<tag>]
|
Where "<tag>" can be one of the following: |
* (print all Exif tags, in keyword=data format)
! (print all Exif tags, in tag_number data format)
#hhhh (print data for Exif tag #hhhh)
ImageWidth
ImageLength
BitsPerSample
Compression
PhotometricInterpretation
FillOrder
DocumentName
ImageDescription
Make
Model
StripOffsets
Orientation
SamplesPerPixel
RowsPerStrip
StripByteCounts
XResolution
YResolution
PlanarConfiguration
ResolutionUnit
TransferFunction
Software
DateTime
Artist
WhitePoint
PrimaryChromaticities
TransferRange
JPEGProc
JPEGInterchangeFormat
JPEGInterchangeFormatLength
YCbCrCoefficients
YCbCrSubSampling
YCbCrPositioning
ReferenceBlackWhite
CFARepeatPatternDim
CFAPattern
BatteryLevel
Copyright
ExposureTime
FNumber
IPTC/NAA
ExifOffset
InterColorProfile
ExposureProgram
SpectralSensitivity
GPSInfo
ISOSpeedRatings
OECF
ExifVersion
DateTimeOriginal
DateTimeDigitized
ComponentsConfiguration
CompressedBitsPerPixel
ShutterSpeedValue
ApertureValue
BrightnessValue
ExposureBiasValue
MaxApertureValue
SubjectDistance
MeteringMode
LightSource
Flash
FocalLength
MakerNote
UserComment
SubSecTime
SubSecTimeOriginal
SubSecTimeDigitized
FlashPixVersion
ColorSpace
ExifImageWidth
ExifImageLength
InteroperabilityOffset
FlashEnergy
SpatialFrequencyResponse
FocalPlaneXResolution
FocalPlaneYResolution
FocalPlaneResolutionUnit
SubjectLocation
ExposureIndex
SensingMethod
FileSource
SceneType
|
Surround the format specification with quotation marks to prevent your shell
from misinterpreting any spaces and square brackets. |
|
-frame <width>x<height>+<outer bevel width>+<inner bevel width>
|
| surround the image with an ornamental border |
|
See -geometry for details
about the geometry specification.
The -frame option is not affected by the -gravity option.
|
|
The color of the border is specified with the
-mattecolor command
line option.
|
|
-frame
|
| include the X window frame in the imported image |
|
-fuzz <distance>{%}
|
| colors within this distance are considered equal |
|
A number of algorithms search for a target color. By default the color
must be exact. Use this option to match colors that are close to the target
color in RGB space. For example, if you want to automatically trim the
edges of an image with -trim but the image was scanned and the
target background color may differ by a small amount. This option can account
for these differences.
|
|
The distance can be in absolute intensity units or, by appending
"%", as a percentage of the maximum possible intensity (255 or 65535).
|
|
-gamma <value>
|
| level of gamma correction |
|
The same color image displayed on two different workstations may look different
due to differences in the display monitor. Use gamma correction to adjust
for this color difference. Reasonable values extend from 0.8 to
2.3. Gamma less than 1.0 darkens the image and gamma greater than
1.0 lightens it.
|
|
You can apply separate gamma values to the red, green, and blue channels
of the image with a gamma value list delimited with slashes
(e.g., 1.7/2.3/1.2).
|
|
Use +gamma value
to set the image gamma level without actually adjusting
the image pixels. This option is useful if the image is of a known gamma
but not set as an image attribute (e.g. PNG images).
|
|
-Gaussian <radius>{x<sigma>}
|
| blur the image with a Gaussian operator |
|
Use the given radius and standard deviation (sigma).
|
|
-geometry <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{@} {!}{<}{>}
|
| preferred size and location of the Image window. |
|
By default, the window size is the image
size and the location is chosen by you when it is mapped.
|
|
By default, the width and height are maximum values. That is, the image
is expanded or contracted to fit the width and height value while maintaining
the aspect ratio of the image. Append an exclamation point to the geometry
to force the image size to exactly the size you specify. For example,
if you specify 640x480! the image width is set to 640 pixels and
height to 480.
|
|
If only the width is specified, the width assumes the
value and the height is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio of the image.
Similarly, if only the height is specified (e.g., -geometry x256),
the width is chosen to maintain the aspect ratio.
|
|
To specify a percentage width or height instead, append %. The image size
is multiplied by the width and height percentages to obtain the final image
dimensions. To increase the size of an image, use a value greater than
100 (e.g. 125%). To decrease an image's size, use a percentage less than
100.
|
|
Use @ to specify the maximum area in pixels of an image.
|
|
Use > to change the dimensions of the image only if
its width or height exceeds the geometry specification. < resizes
the image only if both of its dimensions are less than the geometry
specification. For example,
if you specify '640x480>' and the image size is 256x256, the image
size does not change. However, if the image is 512x512 or 1024x1024, it is
resized to 480x480. Enclose the geometry specification in quotation marks to
prevent the < or > from being interpreted by your shell
as a file redirection.
|
|
When used with animate and display, offsets are handled in
the same manner as in X(1) and the -gravity option is not used.
If the x is negative, the offset is measured leftward
from the right edge of the
screen to the right edge of the image being displayed.
Similarly, negative y is measured between the bottom edges. The
offsets are not affected by "%"; they are always measured in pixels. |
|
When used as a composite option, -geometry
gives the dimensions of the image and its location with respect
to the composite image. If the -gravity option is present
with NorthEast, East, or SouthEast gravity, the x
represents the distance from the right edge of the image to the right edge of
the composite image. Similarly, if the -gravity option is present
with SouthWest, South, or SouthEast gravity, y
is measured between the bottom edges. Accordingly, a positive offset will
never point in the direction outside of the image. The
offsets are not affected by "%"; they are always measured in pixels.
To specify the dimensions of the composite image, use the -resize
option.
|
|
When used as a convert, import or mogrify option,
-geometry is synonymous with -resize and
specifies the size of the output image. The offsets, if present, are ignored.
|
|
When used as a montage option, -geometry specifies the image
size and border size for each tile; default is 256x256+0+0. Negative
offsets (border dimensions) are meaningless. The -gravity
option affects the placement of the image within the tile; the default
gravity for this purpose is Center. If the "%" sign appears in
the geometry specification, the tile size is the specified percentage of
the original dimensions of the first tile.
To specify the dimensions of the montage, use the -resize
option.
|
|
-gravity <type>
|
| direction primitive gravitates to when annotating the image. |
|
Choices are: NorthWest, North,
NorthEast, West, Center, East, SouthWest, South, SouthEast.
|
|
The direction you choose specifies where to position the text
when annotating
the image. For example Center gravity forces the text to be centered
within the image. By default, the image gravity is NorthWest.
See -draw for more details about graphic primitives. Only the
text primitive is affected by the -gravity option.
|
|
The -gravity option is also used in concert with the -geometry
option and other options that take <geometry> as a parameter, such
as the -crop option. See -geometry for details of how the
-gravity option interacts with the
<x> and <y> parameters of a geometry
specification. |
|
When used as an option to composite, -gravity
gives the direction that the image gravitates within the composite.
|
|
When used as an option to montage, -gravity gives the direction
that an image gravitates within a tile. The default gravity is Center
for this purpose.
|
|
-green-primary <x>,<y>
|
| green chromaticity primary point |
|
-help
|
|
-iconGeometry <geometry>
|
| specify the icon geometry |
|
Offsets, if present in the geometry specification, are handled in
the same manner as the -geometry option, using X11 style to handle
negative offsets. |
|
-iconic
|
|
-immutable
|
|
-implode <factor>
|
| implode image pixels about the center |
|
-intent <type>
|
| use this type of rendering intent when managing the image color |
|
Use this option to affect the the color management operation of an image (see
-profile).
Choose from these intents:
Absolute, Perceptual, Relative, Saturation
|
|
The default intent is undefined.
|
|
-interlace <type>
|
| the type of interlacing scheme |
|
Choices are: None, Line, Plane,
or Partition. The default is None.
|
|
This option is used to specify the type of interlacing scheme for raw image
formats such as RGB or YUV. |
|
None means do not interlace
(RGBRGBRGBRGBRGBRGB...), |
|
Line uses scanline interlacing
(RRR...GGG...BBB...RRR...GGG...BBB...),
and |
|
Plane uses plane interlacing (RRRRRR...GGGGGG...BBBBBB...). |
|
Partition
is like plane except the different planes are saved to individual files
(e.g. image.R, image.G, and image.B).
|
|
Use Line or Plane to create an
interlaced PNG or GIF or
progressive JPEG image.
|
|
-label <name>
|
| assign a label to an image |
|
Use this option to assign a specific label to the image, when writing
to an image format that supports labels, such as TIFF, PNG, MIFF, or
PostScript. You can include the the image filename, type, width, height,
or other image attribute by embedding special format character. A label
is not drawn on the image, but is embedded in the image datastream via
a "Label" tag or similar mechanism. If you want the
label to be visible on the image itself, use the -draw option.
See -comment for details.
|
-label "%m:%f %wx%h"
|
produces an image label of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image titled
bird.miff
and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
|
|
If the first character of string is @, the image label is
read from a file titled by the remaining characters in the string.
|
|
When converting to PostScript, use this option to specify a header
string to print above the image. Specify the label font with
-font.
|
|
When creating a montage, by default the label associated with an image
is displayed with the corresponding tile in the montage. Use the
+label option to suppress this behavior. |
|
-lat <width>x<height>{+-}<offset>{%}
|
| perform local adaptive thresholding |
|
Perform local adaptive thresholding using the specified width, height,
and offset. The offset is a distance in sample space from the mean,
as an absolute integer ranging from 0 to the maximum sample value or
as a percentage. |
|
-level <black_point>{,<white_point>}{%}{,<gamma>}
|
| adjust the level of image contrast |
|
Give one, two or three values delimited with commas: black, white, and gamma
(e.g. 10,65000,1.0 or 2%,98%,0.5). The black and white points range from
0 to MaxRGB or from 0 to 100%; if the white point is omitted it is
set to MaxRGB-black_point. If a "%" sign is present anywhere in the
string, the black and white points are percentages of MaxRGB.
Gamma is an exponent that ranges from 0.1 to 10.; if it is omitted,
the default of 1.0 (no gamma correction) is assumed.
|
|
-limit <type> <value>
|
| Disk, File, Map, or Memory resource limit |
|
The value for File is in number of files and the values for the other
resources are in Megabytes. By default the limits are 64 files, 512MB memory,
1024MB map, and unlimited disk, but these are adjusted at startup
time on platforms that can provide information about available resources.
When the limit is reached, ImageMagick will fail in some fashion, or
take compensating actions if possible.
For example, -limit memory 32 -limit map 64 limits memory
When the pixel cache reaches the memory limit it uses
memory mapping. When that limit is reached it goes to disk. If disk has
a hard limit, the program will fail. |
|
You can use the option -list resource to find out the limits. |
|
-linewidth
|
| the line width for subsequent draw operations |
|
-list <type>
|
|
Choices are: Delegate, Format, Magic,
Module, Resource, or Type.
|
|
This option lists information about the ImageMagick configuration.
|
|
-log <string>
|
|
This option specifies the format for the log printed when the -debug
option is active. |
|
You can display the following components by embedding
special format characters: |
%d domain
%e event
%f function
%l line
%m module
%p process ID
%r real CPU time
%t wall clock time
%u user CPU time
%% percent sign
\n newline
\r carriage return
convert -debug coders -log "%u %m:%l %e" in.gif out.png
|
The default behavior is to print all of the components. |
|
-loop <iterations>
|
| add Netscape loop extension to your GIF animation |
|
A value other than zero forces the animation to repeat itself up to
iterations
times.
|
|
-magnify <factor>
|
|
-map <filename>
|
| choose a particular set of colors from this image |
|
By default, color reduction chooses an optimal set of colors that best
represent the original image. Alternatively, you can choose a particular
set of colors from an image file with this option. |
|
Use
+map to reduce
all images in the image sequence that follows to a single optimal set of colors
that best represent all the images. The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the +map
option appears after all of the input images, all images are mapped. |
|
-map <type>
|
|
display image using this type. |
|
Choose from these Standard Colormap types: |
best
default
gray
red
green
blue
|
The X server must support the Standard Colormap you choose,
otherwise an error occurs. Use list as the type and display
searches the list of colormap types in top-to-bottom order until
one is located. See xstdcmap(1) for one way of creating Standard
Colormaps. |
|
-mask <filename>
|
|
The image read from the file is used as a clipping mask. It must have
the same dimensions as the image being masked. |
|
If the mask image contains an opacity channel, the opacity of each pixel is
used to define the mask. Otherwise, the intensity (gray level) of each
pixel is used. |
|
Use +mask to remove the clipping mask. |
|
It is not necessary to use -clip to activate the mask; -clip
is implied by -mask. |
|
-matte
|
| store matte channel if the image has one |
|
If the image does not have a matte channel, create an opaque one.
|
|
Use +matte to ignore the matte channel and to avoid writing a
matte channel in the output file. |
|
-mattecolor <color>
|
| specify the color to be used with the -frame option |
|
The color is specified using the format described in the "Color Names"
section of X(1). |
|
-median <radius>
|
| apply a median filter to the image |
|
-mode <value>
|
|
-modulate <value>
|
| vary the brightness, saturation, and hue of an image |
|
Specify the percent change in brightness, the color saturation, and the
hue separated by commas. For example, to increase the color brightness
by 20% and decrease the color saturation by 10% and leave the hue unchanged,
use: -modulate 120,90.
|
|
-monochrome
|
| transform the image to black and white |
|
-morph <frames>
|
|
Both the image pixels and size are linearly interpolated to give the appearance
of a meta-morphosis from one image to the next.
|
|
The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -morph
option appears after all of the input images, all images are morphed. |
|
-mosaic
|
| create a mosaic from an image or an image sequence |
|
The -page option can be used to establish the dimensions of the mosaic
and to locate the images within the mosaic. |
|
The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option.
If the -mosaic
option appears after all of the input images, all images are included
in the mosaic. |
|
-name
|
|
-negate
|
| replace every pixel with its complementary color |
|
The red, green, and blue intensities of an image are negated.
White becomes black,
yellow becomes blue, etc.
Use +negate
to only negate the grayscale pixels of the image.
|
|
-noise <radius|type>
|
| add or reduce noise in an image |
|
The principal function of noise peak elimination filter is to smooth the
objects within an image without losing edge information and without creating
undesired structures. The central idea of the algorithm is to replace a
pixel with its next neighbor in value within a pixel window, if this pixel
has been found to be noise. A pixel is defined as noise if and only if
this pixel is a maximum or minimum within the pixel window.
|
|
Use radius to specify the width of the neighborhood.
|
|
Use +noise followed by a noise type to add noise to an image. Choose
from these noise types:
|
Uniform
Gaussian
Multiplicative
Impulse
Laplacian
Poisson
|
-noop
|
|
The -noop option can be used to terminate a group of images
and reset all options to their default values, when no other option is
desired. |
|
-normalize
|
| transform image to span the full range of color values |
|
This is a contrast enhancement technique.
|
|
-opaque <color>
|
| change this color to the pen color within the image |
|
The color is specified using the format described in the "Color Names"
section of X(1). |
|
See -fill for more details.
|
|
-page <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>{%}{!}{<}{>}
|
| size and location of an image canvas |
|
Use this option to specify the dimensions of the
PostScript page
in dots per inch or a TEXT page in pixels. The choices for a PostScript
page are:
|
11x17 792 1224
Ledger 1224 792
Legal 612 1008
Letter 612 792
LetterSmall 612 792
ArchE 2592 3456
ArchD 1728 2592
ArchC 1296 1728
ArchB 864 1296
ArchA 648 864
A0 2380 3368
A1 1684 2380
A2 1190 1684
A3 842 1190
A4 595 842
A4Small 595 842
A5 421 595
A6 297 421
A7 210 297
A8 148 210
A9 105 148
A10 74 105
B0 2836 4008
B1 2004 2836
B2 1418 2004
B3 1002 1418
B4 709 1002
B5 501 709
C0 2600 3677
C1 1837 2600
C2 1298 1837
C3 918 1298
C4 649 918
C5 459 649
C6 323 459
Flsa 612 936
Flse 612 936
HalfLetter 396 612
|
For convenience you can specify the page size by media (e.g. A4, Ledger,
etc.). Otherwise, -page behaves much like
-geometry (e.g. -page letter+43+43>).
|
|
This option is also used to place subimages when writing to a multi-image
format that supports offsets, such as GIF89 and MNG. When used for this
purpose the offsets are always measured from the
top left corner of the canvas and are not affected by the -gravity
option.
To position a GIF or MNG image, use -page{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
(e.g. -page +100+200). When writing to a MNG file, a -page
option appearing ahead of the first image in the sequence with nonzero
width and height defines the width and height values that are written in
the MHDR chunk. Otherwise, the MNG width and height are computed
from the bounding box that contains all images in the sequence. When
writing a GIF89 file, only the bounding box method is used to determine its
dimensions.
|
|
For a PostScript page, the image is sized as in -geometry and positioned
relative to the lower left hand corner of the page by
{+-}<xoffset>{+-}<y
offset>. Use
-page 612x792>, for example, to center the
image within the page. If the image size exceeds the PostScript page, it
is reduced to fit the page.
The default gravity for the -page
option is NorthWest, i.e., positive x and
y offset are measured rightward and downward from the top
left corner of the page, unless the -gravity option is present with
a value other than NorthWest.
|
|
The default page dimensions for a TEXT image is 612x792.
|
|
This option is used in concert with -density.
|
|
Use +page to remove the page settings for an image. |
|
-paint <radius>
|
|
Each pixel is replaced by the most frequent color in a circular neighborhood
whose width is specified with radius.
|
|
-pause <seconds>
|
| pause between animation loops [animate] |
|
Pause for the specified number of seconds before repeating the
animation. |
|
-pause <seconds>
|
| pause between snapshots [import] |
|
Pause for the specified number of seconds before taking the next
snapshot. |
|
-pen <color>
|
| (This option has been replaced by the -fill option) |
|
-ping
|
| efficiently determine image characteristics |
|
-pointsize <value>
|
| pointsize of the PostScript, OPTION1, or TrueType font |
|
-preview <type>
|
|
Use this option to affect the preview operation of an image (e.g.
convert
-preview Gamma Preview:gamma.png). Choose from these previews:
|
Rotate
Shear
Roll
Hue
Saturation
Brightness
Gamma
Spiff
Dull
Grayscale
Quantize
Despeckle
ReduceNoise
Add Noise
Sharpen
Blur
Threshold
EdgeDetect
Spread
Shade
Raise
Segment
Solarize
Swirl
Implode
Wave
OilPaint
CharcoalDrawing
JPEG
|
The default preview is JPEG.
|
|
-process <command>
|
| process a sequence of images |
|
The sequence of images
is terminated by the appearance of any option. |
|
If the -process
option appears after all of the input images, all images are processed. |
|
-profile <filename>
|
| add ICM, IPTC, or generic profile to image |
|
-profile filename adds an ICM (ICC color management), IPTC
(newswire information), or a generic profile to the image | .
|
Use +profile icm, +profile iptc,
or +profile profile_name to remove the respective
profile. Use identify -verbose to find out what profiles are in the
image file. Use +profile "*" to remove all profiles.
|
|
To extract a profile, the -profile option is not used. Instead,
simply write the file to an image
format such as APP1, 8BIM, ICM, or IPTC. |
|
For example, to extract the Exif data (which is stored in JPEG files
in the APP1 profile), use
|
convert cockatoo.jpg exifdata.app1
|
-quality <value>
|
| JPEG/MIFF/PNG compression level |
|
For the JPEG and MPEG image formats, quality is 0 (lowest image quality
and highest
compression) to 100 (best quality but least effective compression). The default
quality is 75. Use the -sampling-factor option to specify the factors
for chroma downsampling.
|
|
For the MIFF image format, quality/10 is the zlib compression level, which
is 0 (worst but fastest compression) to 9 (best but slowest). It has no
effect on the image appearance, since the compression is always lossless. |
|
For the MNG and PNG image formats, the quality value sets the zlib compression
level (quality / 10) and filter-type (quality % 10). Compression levels
range from 0 (fastest compression) to 100 (best but slowest). For compression
level 0, the Huffman-only strategy is used, which is fastest but not
necessarily the worst compression. |
|
If
filter-type is 4 or less, the specified filter-type is used for all scanlines:
|
0: none
1: sub
2: up
3: average
4: Paeth
|
If filter-type is 5, adaptive filtering is used when quality is greater
than 50 and the image does not have a color map, otherwise no filtering
is used.
|
|
If filter-type is 6, adaptive filtering
with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values
is used.
|
|
Only if the output is MNG, if filter-type is 7, the LOCO color transformation
and adaptive filtering with minimum-sum-of-absolute-values
are used.
|
|
The default is quality is 75, which means nearly the best compression with
adaptive filtering. The quality setting has no effect on the appearance
of PNG and MNG images, since the compression is always lossless.
|
|
For further information, see the PNG
specification.
|
|
-raise <width>x<height>
|
| lighten or darken image edges |
|
This will create a 3-D effect.
See -geometry for details
details about the geometry specification.
Offsets are not used.
|
|
Use -raise to create a raised effect, otherwise use +raise.
|
|
-red-primary <x>,<y>
|
| red chromaticity primary point |
|
-region <width>x<height>{+-}<x>{+-}<y>
|
| apply options to a portion of the image |
|
The x and y offsets are treated in the same manner as in -crop | .
|
-remote
|
| perform a remote operation |
|
The only command recognized at this time is the name of
an image file to load.
|
|
-resize <width>x<height>{%}{@}{!}{<}{>}
|
|
This is an alias for the -geometry option and it behaves in the
same manner. If the -filter option precedes the -resize
option, the specified filter is used. |
|
There are some exceptions: |
|
When used as a composite option, -resize conveys the preferred
size of the output image, while -geometry conveys
the size and placement of the composite image within the main
image. |
|
When used as a montage option, -resize conveys the preferred
size of the montage, while -geometry conveys
information about the tiles. |
|
-roll {+-}<x>{+-}<y>
|
| roll an image vertically or horizontally |
|
See -geometry for details
the geometry specification.
The x and y offsets are not affected
by the -gravity option.
|
|
A negative x offset rolls the image left-to-right. A negative y
offset rolls the image top-to-bottom.
|
|
-rotate <degrees>{<}{>}
|
| apply Paeth image rotation to the image |
|
Use > to rotate the image only if its width exceeds the height.
< rotates the image only if its width is less than the
height. For example, if you specify -rotate "-90>" and the image
size is 480x640, the image is not rotated. However, if the
image is 640x480, it is rotated by -90 degrees. If you use > or
<, enclose it in quotation marks to prevent it from being
misinterpreted as a file redirection.
|
|
Empty triangles left over from rotating the image are filled with the color
defined as background (class backgroundColor). See X(1)
for details.
|
|
-sample <geometry>
|
| scale image with pixel sampling |
|
See -geometry for details about
the geometry specification.
-sample ignores the -filter selection if the -filter option
is present. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and
the -gravity option has no effect.
|
|
-sampling-factor <horizontal_factor>x<vertical_factor>
|
| sampling factors used by JPEG or MPEG-2 encoder and YUV decoder/encoder. |
|
This option specifies the sampling factors to be used by the JPEG encoder for
chroma downsampling. If this option is omitted, the JPEG library
will use its own default values. When reading or writing the YUV format
and when writing the M2V (MPEG-2) format, use
-sampling-factor 2x1 to specify the 4:2:2 downsampling method. |
|
-scale <geometry>
|
|
See -geometry for details about
the geometry specification. -scale uses a simpler, faster algorithm,
and it ignores the -filter selection if the -filter option
is present. Offsets, if present in the geometry string, are ignored, and
the -gravity option has no effect.
|
|
-scene <value>
|
|
This option sets the scene number of an image or the first image in
an image sequence. |
|
-scenes <value-value>
|
| range of image scene numbers to read |
|
Each image in the range is read
with the filename followed by a period (.) and the decimal scene
number. You
can change this behavior by embedding a %d, %0Nd, %o, %0No, %x, or %0Nx
printf format specification in the file name. For example, |
montage -scenes 5-7 image.miff
|
makes a montage of files image.miff.5, image.miff.6, and image.miff.7, and |
animate -scenes 0-12 image%02d.miff
|
animates files image00.miff, image01.miff, through image12.miff. |
|
-screen
|
| specify the screen to capture |
|
This option indicates that the GetImage request used to obtain the image
should be done on the root window, rather than directly on the specified
window. In this way, you can obtain pieces of other windows that overlap
the specified window, and more importantly, you can capture menus or other
popups that are independent windows but appear over the specified window. |
|
-seed <value>
|
| pseudo-random number generator seed value |
|
The value can be any integer in the range 1 to 2**31-1. Successive
runs with a particular seed will generate the same sequence of
pseudo-random numbers. If the -seed option is not present,
ImageMagick will generate a random seed from system timers, clocks,
etc., so that successive runs will generate different sequences.
The pseudo-random numbers are used by options such as -noise,
-spread, and the plasma format. |
|
-segment <cluster threshold>x<smoothing threshold>
|
|
Segment an image by analyzing the histograms of the color components and
identifying units that are homogeneous with the fuzzy c-means technique.
|
|
Specify cluster threshold as the number of pixels in each cluster
must exceed the the cluster threshold to be considered valid. Smoothing
threshold eliminates noise in the second derivative of the histogram.
As the value is increased, you can expect a smoother second derivative.
The default is 1.5. See
"Image Segmentation"
for details.
|
|
-shade <azimuth>x<elevation>
|
| shade the image using a distant light source |
|
Specify azimuth and elevation as the position of the light
source. Use +shade to return the shading results as a grayscale
image.
|
|
-shadow <radius>{x<sigma>}
|
|
-shared-memory
|
|
This option specifies whether the utility should attempt use shared memory
for pixmaps. ImageMagick must be compiled with shared memory support,
and the display must support the MIT-SHM extension. Otherwise, this
option is ignored. The default is True.
|
|
-sharpen <radius>{x<sigma>}
|
|
Use a Gaussian operator of the given radius and
standard deviation (sigma).
|
|
-shave <width>x<height>
|
| shave pixels from the image edges |
|
Specify the width of the region to be removed from both
sides of the image and the height of the regions to be removed from
top and bottom.
|
|
-shear <x degrees>x<y degrees>
|
| shear the image along the X or Y axis |
|
Use the specified positive or negative shear angle.
|
|
Shearing slides one edge of an image along the X or Y axis, creating a
parallelogram. An X direction shear slides an edge along the X axis, while
a Y direction shear slides an edge along the Y axis. The amount of the
shear is controlled by a shear angle. For X direction shears, x degrees
is measured relative to the Y axis, and similarly, for Y direction shears
y
degrees is measured relative to the X axis.
|
|
Empty triangles left over from shearing the image are filled with the color
defined as background (class backgroundColor). See X(1)
for details.
|
|
-silent
|
|
-size <width>x<height>{+offset}
|
| width and height of the image |
|
Use this option to specify the width and height of raw images whose dimensions
are unknown such as GRAY,
RGB, or CMYK. In addition
to width and height, use
-size with an offset to skip any header information in
the image or tell the number of colors in a MAP image
file, (e.g. -size 640x512+256).
|
|
For Photo CD images, choose from these sizes: |
192x128
384x256
768x512
1536x1024
3072x2048
|
Finally, use this option to choose a particular resolution layer of a JBIG
or JPEG image (e.g. -size 1024x768).
|
|
-snaps <value>
|
| number of screen snapshots |
|
Use this option
to grab more than one image from the X server screen, to create
an animation sequence. |
|
-solarize <factor>
|
| negate all pixels above the threshold level |
|
Specify factor as the
percent threshold of the intensity (0 - 99.9%).
|
|
This option produces a solarization effect seen when exposing a
photographic film to light during the development process.
|
|
-spread <amount>
|
| displace image pixels by a random amount |
|
Amount defines the size of the neighborhood around each pixel to
choose a candidate pixel to swap.
|
|
-stegano <offset>
|
| hide watermark within an image |
|
Use an offset to start the image hiding some number of pixels from the
beginning of the image. Note this offset and the image size. You will
need this information to recover the steganographic image
(e.g. display -size 320x256+35 stegano:image.png).
|
|
-stereo
|
| composite two images to create a stereo anaglyph |
|
The left side of the stereo pair is saved as the red channel of the output
image. The right side is saved as the green channel. Red-green stereo
glasses are required to properly view the stereo image.
|
|
-stroke <color>
|
| color to use when stroking a graphic primitive |
|
The color is specified using the format described in the "Color Names"
section of X(1). |
|
See -draw for further
details.
|
|
-strokewidth <value>
|
|
See -draw for further details.
|
|
-swirl <degrees>
|
| swirl image pixels about the center |
|
Degrees defines the tightness of the swirl.
|
|
-text-font <name>
|
| font for writing fixed-width text |
|
Specifies the name of the preferred font to use in fixed (typewriter style)
formatted text. The default is 14 point Courier.
|
|
You can tag a font to specify whether it is a PostScript, TrueType, or
OPTION1 font. For example, Courier.ttf is a TrueType font
and x:fixed is OPTION1.
|
|
-texture <filename>
|
| name of texture to tile onto the image background |
|
-threshold <value>{<green>,<blue>,<opacity>}{%}
|
|
Create an image such that any pixel sample that is equal or
exceeds the threshold is reassigned the maximum intensity otherwise the
minimum intensity.
|
|
If the green or blue value is omitted, these channels use the same value
as the first one provided. If all three color values are the same,
the result is a bi-level image. If the opacity threshold is omitted,
OpaqueOpacity will be used and any partially transparent pixel will
become fully transparent. If only a single 0 is provided,
auto-thresholding will be performed.
|
|
To generate an all-black or all-white image with the same dimensions as
the input image, you can use |
convert -threshold 65535 in.png black.png
convert -threshold 0,0 in.png white.png
|
-tile <filename>
|
| tile image when filling a graphic primitive |
|
-tile <geometry>
|
| layout of images [montage] |
|
-title <string>
|
| assign title to displayed image [animate, display, montage] |
|
Use this option to assign a specific title to the image. This is assigned
to the image window and is typically displayed in the window title bar.
Optionally you can include the image filename, type, width, height,
Exif data, or
other image attribute by embedding special format characters described
under the -format option. |
-title "%m:%f %wx%h"
|
produces an image title of MIFF:bird.miff 512x480 for an image
titled bird.miff and whose width is 512 and height is 480.
|
|
-transform
|
|
This option applies the transformation matrix from a previous
-affine option.
|
convert -affine 2,2,-2,2,0,0 -transform bird.ppm bird.jpg
|
-transparent <color>
|
| make this color transparent within the image |
|
The color is specified using the format described in the "Color Names"
section of X(1). |
|
-treedepth <value>
|
| tree depth for the color reduction algorithm |
|
Normally, this integer value is zero or one. A zero or one tells display
to choose an optimal tree depth for the color reduction algorithm |
|
An optimal depth generally allows the best representation of the source
image with the fastest computational speed and the least amount of memory.
However, the default depth is inappropriate for some images. To assure
the best representation, try values between 2 and 8 for this parameter.
Refer to
quantize for more details.
|
|
The -colors or -monochrome option is required for this option
to take effect.
|
|
-trim
|
|
This option removes any edges that are exactly the same color as the
corner pixels. Use -fuzz to make -trim remove edges that
are nearly the same color as the corner pixels. |
|
-type <type>
|
|
Choose from:
Bilevel, Grayscale, Palette,
PaletteMatte, TrueColor, TrueColorMatte,
ColorSeparation, ColorSeparationMatte, or Optimize.
|
|
Normally, when a format supports different subformats such as grayscale
and truecolor, the encoder will try to choose an efficient subformat.
The -type option can be used to overrride this behavior. For
example, to prevent a JPEG from being written in grayscale format even
though only gray pixels are present, use
|
convert bird.pgm -type TrueColor bird.jpg
|
Similarly, using -type TrueColorMatte will force the encoder
to write an alpha channel even though the image is opaque, if the
output format supports transparency.
|
|
-update <seconds>
|
|
detect when image file is modified and redisplay. |
|
Suppose that while you are displaying an image the file that is currently
displayed is over-written.
display will automatically detect that
the input file has been changed and update the displayed image accordingly.
|
|
-units <type>
|
| the type of image resolution |
|
Choose from: Undefined, PixelsPerInch, or
PixelsPerCentimeter.
|
|
-unsharp <radius>{x<sigma>}{+<amount>}{+<threshold>}
|
| sharpen the image with an unsharp mask operator |
|
The -unsharp option sharpens an image. We convolve the image with a
Gaussian operator of the given radius and standard deviation (sigma).
For reasonable results, radius should be larger than sigma. Use a radius
of 0 to have the method select a suitable radius. |
radius: The radius of the Gaussian, in pixels, not
counting the center pixel (default 0).
sigma: The standard deviation of the Gaussian, in
pixels (default 1.0).
amount: The percentage of the difference between the
original and the blur image that is added back
into the original (default 1.0).
threshold: The threshold, as a fraction of MaxRGB, needed
to apply the difference amount (default 0.05).
|
-use-pixmap
|
|
-verbose
|
| print detailed information about the image |
|
This information is printed: image scene number; image name; image size;
the image class (DirectClass or PseudoClass); the total number
of unique colors; and the number of seconds to read and transform the image.
Refer to miff for a description of the image class.
|
|
If -colors is also specified, the total unique colors in the image
and color reduction error values are printed. Refer to quantize
for a description of these values.
|
|
-version
|
| print ImageMagick version string |
|
-view <string>
|
| FlashPix viewing parameters |
|
-virtual-pixel <method>
|
| specify contents of "virtual pixels" |
|
This option
defines "virtual pixels" for use in operations that can access pixels outside
the boundaries of an image. |
|
Choose from these methods:
|
Constant: Use the image background color.
Edge: Extend the edge pixel toward infinity (default).
Mirror: Mirror the image.
Tile: Tile the image.
|
This option affects operations that use
virtual pixels such as -blur, -sharpen, -wave, etc. |
|
-visual <type>
|
| animate images using this X visual type |
|
Choose from these visual classes:
|
StaticGray
GrayScale
StaticColor
PseudoColor
TrueColor
DirectColor
default
visual id
|
The X server must support the visual you choose, otherwise an error occurs.
If a visual is not specified, the visual class that can display the most
simultaneous colors on the default screen is chosen.
|
|
-watermark <brightness>x<saturation>
|
| percent brightness and saturation of a watermark |
|
-wave <amplitude>x<wavelength>
|
| alter an image along a sine wave |
|
Specify amplitude and wavelength
of the wave.
|
|
-white-point <x>,<y>
|
|
-window <id>
|
| make image the background of a window |
|
id can be a window id or name. Specify root to
select X's root window as the target window.
|
|
By default the image is tiled onto the background of the target
window. If backdrop or -geometry are
specified, the image is surrounded by the background color. Refer to
X RESOURCES for details.
|
|
The image will not display on the root window if the image has more
unique colors than the target window colormap allows. Use
-colors to reduce the number of colors.
|
|
-window-group
|
|
-write <filename>
|
| write an image sequence [convert, composite] |
|
The image sequence following the -write filenameoption is
written out, and then processing continues with the
same image in its current state if there are additional options. To
restore the image to its original state after writing it, use
the +write filename option. |
|
-write <filename>
|
| write the image to a file [display] |
|
If filename already exists, you will be prompted as to whether it should
be overwritten. |
|
By default, the image is written in the format that it was read in as.
To specify a particular image format, prefix filename with the image
type and a colon (e.g., ps:image) or specify the image type as the filename
suffix (e.g., image.ps). See convert(1) for a list of valid image formats.
Specify file as - for standard output. If file has the
extension .Z or
.gz, the file size is compressed using compress or
gzip
respectively. Precede the image file name with | to pipe to a system command.
|
|
Use -compress to specify the type of image compression. |
|
The equivalent X resource for this option is
writeFilename (class WriteFilename).
See
X Resources
for details. |
|
Back to Contents
Environment
|
|
|
DISPLAY
|
| To get the default host, display number, and screen. |
|
Back to Contents
|
Authors
|
Back to Contents
|
Copyright
|
|
Copyright (C) 2003 ImageMagick Studio
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
a copy of this software and associated documentation files ("ImageMagick"),
to deal in ImageMagick without restriction, including without limitation
the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
and/or sell copies of ImageMagick, and to permit persons to whom the ImageMagick
is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
in all copies or substantial portions of ImageMagick.
The software is provided "as is", without warranty of any kind, express
or implied, including but not limited to the warranties of merchantability,
fitness for a particular purpose and noninfringement.In no event shall
ImageMagick Studio be liable for any claim, damages or other liability,
whether in an action of contract, tort or otherwise, arising from, out
of or in connection with ImageMagick or the use or other dealings in
ImageMagick.
Except as contained in this notice, the name of the
ImageMagick Studio LLC shall not be used in advertising or otherwise to
promote the sale, use or other dealings in ImageMagick without prior written
authorization from the ImageMagick Studio.
|
Back to Contents
 
Image manipulation software that works like magic.
| |
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